Unit 1 Flashcards
Covalent Bond
atoms sharing electrons, results in polarity
Hydrogen Bonds
weak interactions between + & - molecule interactions
High Specific Heat
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost, caused by Hydro-Bonding and it minimizes temperature fluctuations
Polarity
allows water molecules to hydrogen bonds with each other
Monomer
chemical subunits used to create polymers
Solute
the substance that is dissolved
Aqueous
solution in which the water is the solvent
Solvent
dissolving agent
Carbonyl
> C=O, can be in middle or end of carbon chain
Carboxyl
COOH, like acid, donates H+ ions to solution, lowers PH
Methyls
CH3, Nonpolar Functional Group
Amino Acids
NH2, acts like a base (picks up H+ ions to solutions and raises PH)
Hydroxyl
OH, found in alcohols, can make substances dissolve in water
Saturated vs Unsaturated
-both are fatty acids
-one is saturated w/C, only single C-C bonds, it’s from animals, and solid at room temp.
-other is saturated with double bonds C=C, plant & fish based, and liquid at room temp
Main Atoms in Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Lipids:CH
Carbs:CHO
Proteins:CHON(S)
Nucleic Acids:CHONP(S)
Phospholipids
phosphate group with 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails
tails are hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
-amphicpathic molecule ( has a charged and nonpolar area)
Ionic Bonds
-occurs between metals losing electrons and non-metals gaining electrons
-ions with opposite charges will also make this bond
-pos charge: cation
-neg charge: anion
Isomers
molecules that aren’t exactly the same but are set up simlarly, same molecular # but different properties due to structure
Capillary Action
result of both adhesion and cohesion in water
Polarity
caused by the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen atoms, so the bond interactions is what ultimately made cohesion and adhesion happen
Polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing electrons
Which bonds can water dissolve
ionic & polar covalent
Cohesion
+ surface tension, transports water with gravity pull, water molecules sticking together
Adhesion
attraction between different substances, counters downward gravity pull, water molecules sticking to other substances
R Groups
determine protein size, shape, charge, and hydrophobicity, dictate how the amino acid behaves in a protein structure. For example, a large, polar R group will make the amino acid more hydrophilic, while a small, nonpolar R group will make it more hydrophobic
Carbohydrates Monomer & Bond
monomer is monosaccharides, bond is glycosidic linkage
Lipids Monomer & Bond
monomer is fatty acids, bond is ester linkages
Proteins Monomer & Bond
monomer is amino acids, bond is polypeptides
Nucleic Acids Monomer & Bond
monomer is nucleotides, bond is phosphodiester links
Nucleic Acids Directionality
the linear sequence of all nucleic acids is characterized by a 3’ hydroxyl and a 5’ phosphate group of the sugar in the nucleotide, antiparallel 5’-3’ direction
DNA
carries genetic code, deoxyribose sugar, double helix shape, adenine & thymine, cytosine & guanine
RNA
synthesizes proteins, ribose sugar, unwound DNA, adenine & uracil, cytosine & guanine
Primary Structure of Proteins
is the sequence pf amino acids put together by covalent bonds
Secondary Structure of Proteins
through the folding at the amino acid chain into elements called alpha halicers & beta sheets
Teritiary Structure of Proteins
overall shape created and bonds +interactions start to stabilize row
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
comes from the interactions with multiple polypeptide chains
Sickle Cell Disease
inherited blood disorder, single amino acid substitution occurs in hemoglobin
Chitin
is the bug’s crunchy outside, structural polysaccharide
Dehydration Reactions
When H2O (Water) is removed from a monomer to create a bond with another monomer.
Hydrolysis Reactions
When H2O (Water) is added to a monomer to break it’s bond with another monomer.
