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AP Bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms sharing electrons, results in polarity

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2
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak interactions between + & - molecule interactions

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3
Q

High Specific Heat

A

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost, caused by Hydro-Bonding and it minimizes temperature fluctuations

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4
Q

Polarity

A

allows water molecules to hydrogen bonds with each other

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5
Q

Monomer

A

chemical subunits used to create polymers

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6
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved

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7
Q

Aqueous

A

solution in which the water is the solvent

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8
Q

Solvent

A

dissolving agent

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9
Q

Carbonyl

A

> C=O, can be in middle or end of carbon chain

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10
Q

Carboxyl

A

COOH, like acid, donates H+ ions to solution, lowers PH

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11
Q

Methyls

A

CH3, Nonpolar Functional Group

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12
Q

Amino Acids

A

NH2, acts like a base (picks up H+ ions to solutions and raises PH)

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13
Q

Hydroxyl

A

OH, found in alcohols, can make substances dissolve in water

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14
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated

A

-both are fatty acids
-one is saturated w/C, only single C-C bonds, it’s from animals, and solid at room temp.
-other is saturated with double bonds C=C, plant & fish based, and liquid at room temp

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15
Q

Main Atoms in Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

A

Lipids:CH
Carbs:CHO
Proteins:CHON(S)
Nucleic Acids:CHONP(S)

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16
Q

Phospholipids

A

phosphate group with 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails
tails are hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
-amphicpathic molecule ( has a charged and nonpolar area)

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17
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

-occurs between metals losing electrons and non-metals gaining electrons
-ions with opposite charges will also make this bond
-pos charge: cation
-neg charge: anion

18
Q

Isomers

A

molecules that aren’t exactly the same but are set up simlarly, same molecular # but different properties due to structure

19
Q

Capillary Action

A

result of both adhesion and cohesion in water

20
Q

Polarity

A

caused by the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen atoms, so the bond interactions is what ultimately made cohesion and adhesion happen

21
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

22
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

equal sharing electrons

23
Q

Which bonds can water dissolve

A

ionic & polar covalent

24
Q

Cohesion

A

+ surface tension, transports water with gravity pull, water molecules sticking together

25
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction between different substances, counters downward gravity pull, water molecules sticking to other substances

26
Q

R Groups

A

determine protein size, shape, charge, and hydrophobicity, dictate how the amino acid behaves in a protein structure. For example, a large, polar R group will make the amino acid more hydrophilic, while a small, nonpolar R group will make it more hydrophobic

27
Q

Carbohydrates Monomer & Bond

A

monomer is monosaccharides, bond is glycosidic linkage

28
Q

Lipids Monomer & Bond

A

monomer is fatty acids, bond is ester linkages

29
Q

Proteins Monomer & Bond

A

monomer is amino acids, bond is polypeptides

30
Q

Nucleic Acids Monomer & Bond

A

monomer is nucleotides, bond is phosphodiester links

31
Q

Nucleic Acids Directionality

A

the linear sequence of all nucleic acids is characterized by a 3’ hydroxyl and a 5’ phosphate group of the sugar in the nucleotide, antiparallel 5’-3’ direction

32
Q

DNA

A

carries genetic code, deoxyribose sugar, double helix shape, adenine & thymine, cytosine & guanine

33
Q

RNA

A

synthesizes proteins, ribose sugar, unwound DNA, adenine & uracil, cytosine & guanine

34
Q

Primary Structure of Proteins

A

is the sequence pf amino acids put together by covalent bonds

35
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

through the folding at the amino acid chain into elements called alpha halicers & beta sheets

36
Q

Teritiary Structure of Proteins

A

overall shape created and bonds +interactions start to stabilize row

37
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A

comes from the interactions with multiple polypeptide chains

38
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

inherited blood disorder, single amino acid substitution occurs in hemoglobin

39
Q

Chitin

A

is the bug’s crunchy outside, structural polysaccharide

40
Q

Dehydration Reactions

A

When H2O (Water) is removed from a monomer to create a bond with another monomer.

41
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A

When H2O (Water) is added to a monomer to break it’s bond with another monomer.

AP Bio (3 decks)

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