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unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

top surface litter layer, decomposed leaves and organic matter, normally brown or black, rich in bacteria, fungi, insects and earthworms

A

o horizon

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2
Q

topsoil layer, humus and minerals. roots are in this area, also rich in living organisms, if dark brown or black: rich in nitrogen and organic materials, ***if gray/yellow/red: low in organic material, bad for crops

A

a horizon

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3
Q

subsoil layer, mostly inorganic materials, clay particles, receives material from A horizon through illuviation, may be colored by iron oxides (red), aluminum oxides (yellow), or white due to calcium carbonate, leaching, lots of humus

A

b horizon

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4
Q

weathered parent material, consists of broken fragments of parent rock, caco3 and mgco3 accumulates here forming a hard impenetrable layer

A

c horizon

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5
Q

breaks rocks into smaller pieces (water, machinery, wind, etc)

A

mechanical weathering

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6
Q

change mineral makeup of a rock, chemical reactions between minerals in the rock and the environment

A

chemical weathering

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7
Q

both mechanical/chemical in some ways, but always involves living organisms (ex: lichen secrete acids into rocks that break down its minerals)

A

biological weathering

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8
Q

diameter greater than 0.05 mm, high permeability, poor water capacity, poor nutrient capacity, good aeration, good workability, low porosity (cannot hold water)

A

sand

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9
Q

between 0.002 and 0.05 mm, medium levels of all characteristics

A

silt

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10
Q

less than 0.002 mm, low permeability, good h20 capacity, good nutrient capacity, poor aeration, poor workability, high porosity

A

clay

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11
Q

relatively equal portions of sand, silt, clay (ideal soil for farming)

A

loam

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12
Q

the degree to which soil resists pressure; important when considering how land should be managed

A

soil consistence

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13
Q

mass/volume, expresses how much soil weights per unit volume depending on amount of pore space and density of soil particles

A

bulk density

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14
Q

reduces permeability of soil to water and air, if soil is subjected to pressure, pore spaces can collapse, decreasing pore space

A

compaction

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15
Q

can help determine whether a piece of land should be planted w/ grass, trees, etc., or if it can be used for homes, lots, landfills, septic tanks, etc.

A

slope of the land

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16
Q

presence of gullies, examination of surfaces of soil

A

signs of erosion

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17
Q

character and chem. composition directly impacts soil chemistry and properties (ex: coarse grained parent material=coarse grained texture soil)

A

parent material

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18
Q

content of soil (clay, silt, sand)

A

soil texture

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19
Q

how particles are organized/clumped

A

soil structure

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20
Q

water holding capacity, very porous soil has more spaces, and can hold more water

A

porosity

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21
Q

rate of percolation, related to porosity

A

permebility

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22
Q

ability of air to move through soil

A

aeration

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23
Q

magma cools and solidifies, bulk of crust (ex: granite)

A

igneous rock

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24
Q

sediments “cement” under pressure, weathering forms sediment (ex: contains fossils)

A

sedimentary rock

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25
Q

preexisting rock transformed-heat and pressure

A

metamorphic rock

26
Q

rocks turn into soil by weathering formation and change in soil over time

A

soil development

27
Q
  • weather is experienced
  • 0-15 km up in the air
  • temperature drops as you go up
A

troposphere

28
Q

cool air on top, warm air on bottom

A

normal air conditions

29
Q

cold air is heavier, trapping pollutants

A

temperature inversion

30
Q
  • 25% or less cloud cover
  • light and variable winds (especially below 3mph)
  • dry soil surface
  • low elevation areas such as valleys and basins where cool air can sink and collect- inversions will begin sooner, last longer, and be more intense in these areas
A

conditions that favor temperature inversions

31
Q
  • above troposphere
  • 10-50 km up
  • increase in temperature (ozone layer!)
  • contains stratospheric zone
A

stratosphere

32
Q

main function being to absorb UV rays produced from the sun (shield effect)
purple = low 03
green= high 03

A

the ozone layer

33
Q
  • above stratosphere
  • COLDEST LAYER
  • 50-80 km up
  • temperatures fall as you go up
A

mesosphere

34
Q
  • 80-480 km up
  • as you go up, temperatures rise
A

thermosphere

35
Q

Found in b/t layers; temps are constant

A

pauses

36
Q

b/t troposphere and stratosphere (jet stream)

A

tropopause

37
Q

More direct radiation at equator 🡪 heats up air.
Heated air travels north and cools 🡪 descends (density differences). Hadley Cell
Creates wind currents.

A

solar radiation

38
Q

force exerted on a unit of area
Movement of air from high (warm air) to low pressure areas (cold air) 🡪 wind.
Winds move water and air!

A

air pressure

39
Q
  • coriolis effect (earth’s rotation)
  • objects are deflected
  • North Hemisphere= right of the equator
  • South Hemisphere= left of the equator
A

wind and ocean current direction is affected by…

40
Q

Trade winds relax 🡪 doesn’t move H2O West Pacific 🡪 Warm H2O accumulates in So. America
3-8 yrs. during winter

A

el nino

41
Q

Decline of upwelling which brings nutrients to surface 🡪 Death/movement of orgs in ocean.
- in california, migration/death of orgs due to warmer water, storms in east pacific, lots of rain (hotter water)
- in south america, Massive floods, mud slides, Fisheries collapse (little upwelling) 🡪 lack of nutrients, Typhoons, Coral Bleaching (Sensitive to Heat)
- in australia, EXTREME drought, dust storms, fires

A

effects of el nino

42
Q

Opposite of El Niño: Cold air oscillations
Usually happen after an El Niño year; water is really cold in east Pacific and needs to be reheated.
Unusually cold ocean temps in Eastern Eq. Pacific

A

effects of la nina

43
Q

climate is largely determined by…

A

insolation (latitude → angle of insolation & atmosphere)

44
Q

Higher latitudes receive less insolation: cooler, less precipitation (especially at 30 degrees latitude)

Equator receives most intense insolation: higher temp, air rises, higher precipitation

A
45
Q

Mountains– disrupt wind and produce the rain shadow effect

Ocean–moderate temperature and add moisture to the air

A

geography’s role

46
Q

Dry air descends down “leeward” side of mtn, warming as it sinks
Leads to arid (dry) desert conditions

A

rain shadows
windward–> way wind is coming from
leeward–> way wind is going

47
Q

hadley cells

A

low-latitude overturning circulations that have air rising at the equator and air sinking at roughly 30° latitude. They are responsible for the trade winds in the Tropics and control low-latitude weather patterns

48
Q

Will have many nutrients
Takes 100-1000 yrs to form.

A

fertile soil

49
Q

Measure of spaces per volume of soil 🡪 holds more H2O/air

A

porosity

50
Q

how fast H2O/air move down in soil.

A

permeability

51
Q

Prod. a lot of food!
Lots of fossil fuels, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers and pesticides used.
Makes 1 type of food (monoculture).

A

high input farming/tillage (but it destroys the soil!!)

52
Q

Reduces irrigation & pesticide use
Uses organic fertilizers.
Soil conservation techs.
Less food

A

sustainable and low input agriculture

53
Q

Low Input Farm
No inorganic fertilizers or chem. pesticides used
No GMOs

A

organi

54
Q

slope converted into broad terraces to retain H2O and soi

A

terracing (soil conservation techs)

55
Q

c f

plowing and planting in rows across slope of land (slow water and soil runoff)

A

contour farming

56
Q

Plant a row of 1 type of plant, then plant a row of another type of plant.

A

strip cropping

57
Q

slows wind down before it hits farm soil.

A

wind breaks

58
Q

High amounts of NO3, NH4, and PO4. Easily transported, stored, and applied.
Do not add humus, release NOx (greenhouse gas) when applied, eutrophication in streams.

A

inorganic fertilizers

59
Q

1) Animal manure: dung/urine of animals
2) Green manure: plants plowed into soil
3) Compost: semi-broken down org. matter

A

organic fertilizers

60
Q

Lower fuel emissions of greenhouse gases
Less gas used
Less transport of pests
Less packaging
Lower costs of produce
Revenues remain local

A

perks of farmers’ markets

apes (10 decks)

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