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Geology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the evidence for continental drift

A

the fit of the continents; the distribution of ancient fossils, rocks, and mountain ranges; and the locations of ancient climatic zones.

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2
Q

an undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced at a divergent plate boundary.

A

Mid- ocean ridge

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3
Q

Sea-floor spreading

A

The process of molten material from the mantle being pushed upward to the surface of the earth and spreading apart creating new earth

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4
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

the study of changes in Earth’s magnetic field, as shown by patterns of magnetism in rocks that have formed over time.

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5
Q

Plate tectonics

A

the idea or theory that the earth’s crust is made of large chunks of land, or plates, that move over time

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6
Q

Lithosphere

A

layer of the Earth made up of the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle.

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7
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The zone of the mantle beneath the lithosphere that consists of slowly flowing solid rock.

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8
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth’s surface between the two plates.

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9
Q

Convergent boundary

A

he boundary between two colliding plates.

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10
Q

Continental-continental boundary

A

Occurs where two plates carrying continental crust push together.

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11
Q

Oceanic- oceanic boundary

A

When two plates collide one is bent and slides down into the asthenosphere where it melts

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12
Q

Oceanic-continental boundary

A

Deep Ocean Trenches, Islands Arcs, Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur at this boundary. Oceanic- Continental Convergent Plate Boundary. Occurs when an oceanic and a continental plate collide. The oceanic crust will sub duct because it is older, colder, and denser than the continental crust.

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13
Q

transform

A

create. earthquakes. A transform fault is. contact between two plates that slide horizontally past one another, commonly connecting two mid-oceanic ridges.

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14
Q

Rifting

A

A linear belt along which continental lithosphere stretches and pulls apart.

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15
Q

Terrane

A

a slice of lithosphere that has been added to the margin of a continent during plate collision.

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16
Q

Supercontinent cycle

A

the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth’s continental crust. There are varying opinions as to whether the amount of continental crust is increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same, but it is agreed that the Earth’s crust is constantly being reconfigured.

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17
Q

Panthalassa

A

the global ocean that surrounded pangea.

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18
Q

Deformation

A

Change in shape and/or volume of rocks in response to stress.

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19
Q

Isostasy

A

constant balancing between the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle

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20
Q

stress

A

the force applied to an object. Stresses can be confining, compression, tension, or shear. Rocks under stress may show strain or deformation. Deformation can be elastic or plastic, or the rock may fracture.

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21
Q

Strain

A

Deformation resulting from stress. Deformation. Change in shape or volume of a rock in response to stress.

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22
Q

Fold

A

the process by which the strata of rocks bend to form arches (anticlines) and troughs (synclines) as a result of compression within the earth’s crust.

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23
Q

Anticline

A

An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold. The oldest rocks are at the center of an anticline and the youngest are draped over them.

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24
Q

Syncline

A

A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth’s crust.

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25
Q

Fault

A

a break in a rock in which movement has taken place.

26
Q

Normal fault

A

A fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall, usually happens where tension exists in the crust or it is being pulled apart. 1 / 3. 1 / 3.

27
Q

Reverse fault

A

A fault that occurs when rocks are pushed together by compression force. The hanging wall moves up.

28
Q

Thrust fault

A

A steeply inclined, oblique-slip fault.

29
Q

folded mountain

A

created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together

30
Q

dome mountains

A

formed from hot molten material (magma) rising from the Earth’s mantle into the crust that pushes overlying sedimentary rock layers upward to form a “dome” shape.

31
Q

volcanic mountains

A

a special class of mountains. A volcano is a vent or opening through which magma, ash, gases, and water vapour are ejected out. Volcanic mountains consist of – Magma chamber, Vent, Lava, Crater, and pyroclastic flow. Volcanic soil or the soil around a volcanic mountain is very fertile.

32
Q

Elastic rebound

A

how the slippage along a fault (i.e., earthquake) allows the deformed rock to regain its original shape in a new location.

33
Q

Focus

A

the point within Earth where an earthquake originates.

34
Q

Epicenter

A

The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.

35
Q

P wave

A

In P or compressional waves, the vibration of the rock is in the direction of propagation. P waves travel fastest and are the first to arrive from the earthquake.

36
Q

S wave

A

In S or shear waves, rock oscillates perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

37
Q

Raleigh wave

A

A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground with a more complex motion than Love waves. Although Rayleigh waves appear to roll like waves on an ocean, the particle motion is opposite of ocean waves. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and forward and backward in the direction that the wave is moving

38
Q

Love waves

A

This is a type of surface wave which is a type of seismic wave. They move straight along the crust and move rocks to the left and right.

39
Q

shadow zone

A

wide belt around Earth on the side opposite the focus of the earthquake, , An area on the Earth’s surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected.

40
Q

Fault zone

A

a group of interconnected faults

41
Q

Seismograph

A

an instrument that records and measures the details of an earthquake.

42
Q

Seismogram

A

the record of an earthquake’s seismic waves produced by a seismograph

43
Q

Magnitude

A

total amount of energy released in an earthquake

44
Q

Richter scale

A

measures the magnitude (size) of an earthquake. and measures the energy released

45
Q

Intensity

A

The severity of earthquake shaking

46
Q

Mercalli scale

A

a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake, and is distinct from the moment magnitude usually reported for an earthquake

47
Q

Tsunami

A

a wave train or series of waves generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column or by the transfer of momentum to the ocean water.

48
Q

Earthquake safety

A

Stay away from outer walls, windows, fireplaces, and hanging objects. If you are unable to move from a bed or chair, protect yourself from falling objects by covering up with blankets and pillows. If you are outside, go to an open area away from trees, telephone poles, and buildings, and stay there.

49
Q

seismic gap

A

a segment of an active fault known to produce significant earthquakes, that has not slipped in an unusually long time when compared with other segments along the same structure.

50
Q

Magma

A

a mixture of molten rock, suspended mineral grains and dissolved gasses deep beneath Earth’s surface.

51
Q

Formation of magma

A

As descending plate heats up, water released into mantle rocks above the plate. Water lowers melting point of minerals in mantle rock and partial melting of mantle produces magma.

52
Q

where does volcanism occur

A

along diverging plate boundaries, such as the mid-ocean ridge, or in subduction zones around the edges of oceans.

53
Q

Pahoehoe lava

A

smooth, gently undulating, or broadly hummocky surfaces. The liquid lava flowing beneath a thin, still-plastic crust drags and wrinkles it into tapestry-like folds and rolls resembling twisted rope

54
Q

Aa lava

A

irregular rough surfaces made of jagged, spiny and rough clasts of lava called clinkers. These lavas have surfaces that are either too viscous or are flowing too rapidly to flow plasticly like pāhoehoe. Instead they are ripped apart by shear strain forming a breccia at the top of the flow.

55
Q

Volcano

A

a fissure in the earth’s crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt.

56
Q

hot spot

A

A small area of the Earth’s crust where an unusually high heat flow is associated with volcanic activity, A weak spot in the middle of a tectonic plate where magma surfaces; forms a volcano.

57
Q

magma that contains lower amounts of silica and is generally less viscous and less gas-rich than silicic magma. Tends to erupt effusively, as lava flows. Includes andesites

A

Mafic magma

58
Q

silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.it is higher in viscosity than mafic magma

A

Felsic magma

59
Q

Forms when magma explodes from a volcano and it solidifies into the air.

A

Pyroclastic Materials

60
Q

Identify and describe the types of pyroclastic materials

A

volcanic bombs. large bombs of magma that harden in the air. …
Lapilli. means “little stones” in Italian. …
volcanic ash. forms when gases in stiff magma expand rapidly and the walls of the gas bubbles explode into tiny, glasslike silvers.
volcanic blocks.

61
Q

a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses

A

Caldera

62
Q

how to predict volcanic eruptions

A

before eruption increase in seismic activity

Geology (6 decks)

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