Midterms

Question 1

What are the 4 branches of Science

Answer 1

Geology, Meteorology, Astronomy, Oceanography

Question 2

What is the scientific method

Answer 2

the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results.

Question 3

Layers of the Earth

Answer 3

the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust.

Question 4

Compositional layer of earth

Answer 4

Core, mantle, and crust

Question 5

Structural layers of the earth

Answer 5

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle outer core, and inner core

Question 6

what are the 4 spheres of earth

Answer 6

lithosphere” (land), “hydrosphere” (water), “biosphere” (living things), and “atmosphere” (air)

Question 7

what is ecology

Answer 7

the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Question 8

what is a topographic map

Answer 8

use of elevation contour lines to show the shape of the Earth’s surface.

Question 9

what is the structure of an Atom

Answer 9

Atoms consist of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Question 10

characteristics of minerals

Answer 10

Cleavage, color, streak, density, crystal, hardness, luster, specific gravity, mineral

Question 11

properties of minerals

Answer 11

luster, specific gravity, crystal shape, streak, cleavage and fracture, magnetism

Question 12

rock cycle

Answer 12

he sequence of processes in which rock changes from one form to another and destroys and again formed by various geological processes is called the rock cycle. All this process takes millions of years. The processes included in the rock cycle are melting, cooling, heating, weathering, erosion, heat, and pressure

Question 13

form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.

Answer 13

Igneous Rock

Question 14

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

Answer 14

Sedimentary Rock

Question 15

started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.

Answer 15

Metamorphic

Question 16

Properties of Rocks

Answer 16

hardness, streak, crystal, luster, color, fracture, cleavage, relative, density, magnetism

Question 17

How are minerals and rocks connected?

Answer 17

rocks are made of minerals

Question 18

Mineral Resources

Answer 18

iron, clay, lead, crushed stone, coal, gold, nickel

Question 19

Energy resources

Answer 19

solar, geothermal, nuclear, wind, hydropower, coal, biomass, natural gas, oil

Question 20

renewable and nonrenewable resources

Answer 20

renewable resource can replenish itself at the rate it is used, while a nonrenewable resource has a limited supply.
Examples:
renewable- solar energy, trees, soil, grass
non renewable- oil steel aluminum coal

Question 21

Conservation/Environmentalism

Answer 21

The environment is something we use, so we have to conserve it and take care of it, so that others can use it in the future.

Question 22

what are plate tectonics

Answer 22

a theory explaining the structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle.

Question 23

the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side.

Answer 23

sea floor spreading

Question 24

mechanisms of Sea floor spreading

Answer 24

The seafloor spreading definition is the geologic process that occurs at the boundary between 2 plates where molten material within the earth pushes its way up, causing the plates to move away from each other. At these divergent boundaries molten material cools and hardens, creating new oceanic crust or seafloor.

Question 25

folding and faulting of the crust

Answer 25

Folds form when the layers of rock bend around, and faults occur where rock layers actually break, and in some cases slide over each other.

Question 26

a process in which a section of the earth’s crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range.

Answer 26

orogeny

Question 27

how are mountains made

Answer 27

two continental plates collide

Question 28

what are the types of mountains

Answer 28

Fold, fault- block, Dome, Volcanic, Plateau

Question 29

created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together

Answer 29

fold mountain

Question 30

A mountain formed by blocks of rock uplifted from normal faults.

Answer 30

fault block mountain

Question 31

formed from hot molten material (magma) rising from the Earth’s mantle into the crust that pushes overlying sedimentary rock layers upward to form a “dome” shape

Answer 31

Dome Mountain

Question 32

formed as a result of volcanic activities on the surface of the Earth

Answer 32

Volcanic mountains

Question 33

what is the structure of an Earthquake?

Answer 33

The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows.

Question 34

an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means.

Answer 34

seismic waves

Question 35

Triangulation is a method that uses distance information determined from 3 seismic stations to uniquely locate the earthquake. On a map, circles are drawn around each seismic station. The radius of the circle are scaled to the estimated distance from the station to the earthquake.

Answer 35

Seismograph & Triangulation

Question 36

Magnitude is a measure of earthquake size and remains unchanged with distance from the earthquake. Intensity, however, describes the degree of shaking caused by an earthquake at a given place and decreases with distance from the earthquake epicentre.

Answer 36

Magnitude and intensity in earthquakes

Question 37

Tsunamis

Answer 37

giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea

Question 38

Where/How do volcanoes form?

Answer 38

in two settings where either oceanic plate descends below another oceanic plate or an oceanic plate descends below a continental plate.

Question 39

what are the types of pyroclastic material

Answer 39

Pyroclastic flow:dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It is extremely dangerous to any living thing
Volcanic ash
Volcanic bombs:includes ash, lapilli, and lava bombs that are blown out of a volcano or form in pyroclastic flows.
Pumice:light-colored igneous rock blown into the air in a semi-liquid state. The rock cools so fast it does not have time to crystallize. Gas bubbles inside
Lapilli:material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts. Lapilli is Latin for “little stones”.
Lava
Pahoehoe: The lava is identical in both pahoehoe and aa lava flows, the difference comes from the amount of lava erupted and the speed of cooling.

Question 40

How are volcanos monitored

Answer 40

Scientists use a wide variety of techniques to monitor volcanoes, including seismographic detection of the earthquakes and tremor that almost always precede eruptions, precise measurements of ground deformation that often accompanies the rise of magma, changes in volcanic gas emissions, and changes in gravity

Question 41

what are indications of an eruption

Answer 41

An increase in the frequency and intensity of felt earthquakes.
Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity and new or enlarged areas of hot ground.
Subtle swelling of the ground surface.
Small changes in heat flow.
Changes in the composition or relative abundances of fumarolic gases.

Question 42

What is the difference between relative and absolute dating

Answer 42

Archaeologists have two main ways to tell the age of sites and artifacts. Relative dating tells how old something is in relation to other objects, but cannot provide a year or specific date of use. In contrast, absolute dating provides a specific calendar year for the occupation of a site.

Question 43

learn how to

Answer 43

Use/describe stratigraphic principles and how they can be used to determine relative age of rock layers

Question 44

How do fossils form?

Answer 44

For a fossil to form, sediment must cover the organism quickly. The sediment protects the remains from scavenging animals, erosion and decay. Most often, fossils include hard tissue like bones, teeth, shells and wood, since soft tissue rarely preserves. But footprints and other marks left behind can fossilize, too.

Question 45

what are the types of fossils

Answer 45

petrified, mold, cast, carbon film fossils, trace fossils, preserved remains, impression fossils

Question 46

What are ways in which time can be divided down?

Answer 46

eons, eras, periods, epochs and ages

Question 47

How has the Earth changed over the last 4.5 billion years?

Answer 47

he earth has changed a great deal over its long 4.5 billion year history. It has gone from a molten ball of elements to a layered rocky planet. Following the emergence of plants, an atmosphere rich in oxygen, supporting a lush green world, has replaced Earth’s early atmosphere of methane and carbon dioxide.

Answer 48

he earth has changed a great deal over its long 4.5 billion year history. It has gone from a molten ball of elements to a layered rocky planet. Following the emergence of plants, an atmosphere rich in oxygen, supporting a lush green world, has replaced Earth’s early atmosphere of methane and carbon dioxide.