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bio 110 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can bacteria regulate gene expression?

A

blocking transcription to then stopping translation

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2
Q

What catabolic genes (in most cases)?

A

inducible (ex: breaking down sucrose which is not always in the cell)

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3
Q

What are repressible genes (in most cases)?

A

anabolic (ex: cell always needs amino acids)

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4
Q

In the trp operon, when tryptophan (trp) is low inside the cell:

A

without the co-repressor trp, the repressor is unable to bind to the DNA

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5
Q

The functioning of enhancers is an example of:

A

transcriptional control of gene expression

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6
Q

A co-repressor is:

A

proteins that regulate the process of gene expression indirectly by binding to the repressor protein

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7
Q

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they:

A

express different genes

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8
Q

MicroRNAs can affect gene expression by:

A

tagging some mRNAs to degrade faster

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9
Q

What is a constitutive gene?

A

genes that always need to be expressed

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10
Q

What cell function uses the most ATP?

A

making proteins

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11
Q

What are inducible genes?

A

normally off, can be turned on

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12
Q

What are repressible genes?

A

normally on, can be turned off

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13
Q

What is a sigma factor?

A

protein needed for initiation of transcription

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14
Q

What is an operon?

A

set of genes mRNA that can encode multiple proteins in bacteria

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15
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

gene regulation where the regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site, which changes the shape

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16
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

allosteric inhibition where the product binds to the enzyme and represses

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17
Q

How is enzyme production regulated?

A

with regulatory molecules that can shut down synthesis in genes that encode enzymes

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18
Q

Do bacteria cells prefer lactose or glucose?

A

lactose

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19
Q

What happens if there is no glucose in the cell?

A

cAMP goes up, cAMP can bind to CRP
(CRP cannot bind if there is glucose around because there is no cAMP)

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20
Q

What is a lactose operon?

A

disaccharide

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21
Q

What allows lactose into a cell?

A

lactose permease

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22
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that break down lactose?

A

beta-galactosidase, permease, trans

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23
Q

What would happen if a repressor of an inducible operon were mutated so it could not bind the operator?

A

continuous transcription of the operon’s genes

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24
Q

Which of the following molecules is a protein produced by a regulatory gene?
- operon
- inducer
- promoter
- repressor

A

repressor

25
Q

What molecules helps to “turn off” genes in a cell?

A

co-repressor

26
Q

When taken up by a cell, what molecule binds to a repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator?

A

inducer

27
Q

Most repressor proteins are allosteric. What molecule binds with the repressor to alter its conformation and therefore affect its function?

A

inducer

28
Q

What is the difference between an inducer and a co-repressor?

A

an inducer binds to a repressor so it cannot bind to DNA, a co-repressor binds to a repressor to help it bind to DNA

29
Q

How does repressor shape affect lactose catabolism?

A

repressor can have a loop shape to grab and pull the DNA into a loop so polymerase cannot bind

30
Q

What are proximal control elements?

A

binding sites close to genes for transcription factors

31
Q

What are enhancer elements?

A

farther from genes, increase levels of transcription and are gene specific
can allow some transcriptions and not others

32
Q

What results in an activator and an enhancer (being active?)

A

gene turns on, RNA polymerase is “trapped” in the right place

33
Q

What is MyoD?

A

can make MyoD proteins which bind to its own genes and transcribes itself
when enough are made it binds to other genes to become muscle cells

34
Q

What is gene expression?

A

transcription and translation

35
Q

What is a basis for bacteria regulation of genes?

A

group genes- operons

36
Q

What stimulates transcription?

A

activator proteins

37
Q

What blocks transcription?

A

repressor proteins

38
Q

What are protein factors that are NOT proteins?

A

inducer molecules (like co-repressors)

39
Q

A DNA molecule that serves as a carrier molecule in DNA cloning is termed a

A

vector

40
Q

A restriction endonuclease is

A

cuts ds DNA at specific sequences.

41
Q

What comes from a bacterial anti-viral system?

A

Crispr-Cas

42
Q

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move through the gel because they are

A

negatively charged

43
Q

What is the order of events in a PCR cycle?

A

Denaturing, Annealing, Extension

44
Q

Which enzyme is used to create a complementary copy of an RNA molecule?

A

reverse transcriptase

45
Q

Bacterial plasmid is

A

a small circular molecule of DNA separate from the chromosome.

46
Q

In gel electrophoresis, what function does the “ladder” carry out?

A

It serves a set of size standards for measuring the length of unknown DNA.

47
Q

With each cycle of the polymerase chain reaction, the gene of interest increases by a factor of

A

2

48
Q

Example of Crispr-cas9 working:

A

A small piece of RNA guides the Cas9 enzyme to a target DNA region and Cas9 makes cuts in the DNA.

49
Q

Dideoxynucleotides are used in

A

PCR

50
Q

Nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent..

A

a common ancestor

51
Q

What is needed for natural selection?

A

variety in a population, heritable traits, more offspring than environment can sustain, better adapted reproduce MORE

52
Q

What are the differences between a homologous structure, an analogous structure, and
a vestigial structure?

A

vestigial structure- leftover traits from common ancestor (ex: pelvis in whale)
analogous structure- similar trait but not related, ex: different pathway to same result
homologous structure- similar trait from common ancestor

53
Q

List at least three categories of evidence that support the theory of “descent with
modification?”

A
54
Q

How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

A

people choose traits in artificial selection (ex: dog breeding for certain look)

55
Q

What effects evolution other than “best fit”/adaptability?

A

CHECK NOTES sexual

56
Q

What is the mechanism behind descent with modification?

A

all organisms came from common ancestor, descendants moved to different environments, adaptable traits inherited

57
Q

What are the two levels of evolution?

A

microevolution - evolution of a population of species
macroevolution - change on a large scale (extinction events, etc.)

58
Q
A

bio 110 (3 decks)

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