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Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Specific observations to general ones.

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2
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

General observations to specific ones.

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3
Q

What are model organisms?

A

Organisms that can serve as a base for experiments (ex: a mouse representing mammals)

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4
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable being tested/manipulated.

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5
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

Dependent on independent; results.

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6
Q

What is a control variable?

A

Baseline, on altered variable.

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A logical testable explanation of an
observed phenomenon

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8
Q

What is a control treatment?

A

Treatments used
for comparison that should give a
predicted result

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9
Q

What are 7 themes of life?

A

Order, evolutionary adaptations, energy processing, growth and development, response to stimuli, reproduction, regulation (homeostasis).

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10
Q

What are two characteristics of a hypothesis?

A

Cannot be proven true, must be testable.

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11
Q

What are the 5 unifying themes in biology?

A

Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution

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12
Q

What are the levels of complexity?

A

Atoms, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, body system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

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13
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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14
Q

What is an expression of genes?

A

How a cell becomes what it is.

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15
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the genes in a cell.

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16
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

Species come from other species, and species change over time

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17
Q

What is natural selection?

A

How species change over time, explains diversity of life

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18
Q

What are the main points of evolution described by Charles Darwin?

A

Decent with modification from common ancestors, natural selection was a a mechanism

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19
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Electrons are transferred, results in ions (charged atoms)

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20
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Sharing a pair of electrons, multiple bonds possible

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21
Q

How do atoms combine to form molecules?

A

Through bonding

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22
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Pulling harder

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23
Q

How many bonds can carbon have?

A

4

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24
Q

What elements make 98% of living things?

A

CHONSP

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25
Q

How do you calculate atomic mass?

A

Protons + neutrons

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26
Q

How do you calculate atomic weight?

A

Number of protons

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27
Q

What are isotopes?

A

may be unstable, different forms of an element dependent on neutrons

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28
Q

What determines the behavior of an atom?

A

Number of electrons in valence (outer) shell

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29
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged atom

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30
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positively charged atom

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31
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

The making and breaking of bonds

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32
Q

Define water

A

a polar molecule that makes up all cells

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33
Q

What are properties of water?

A

Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, low specific heat, evaporation

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34
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Agent that dissolves.

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35
Q

What is a mole (M)?

A

6.02x10^23 molecules per gram

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36
Q

What is molarity?

A

Moles per liter

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37
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

7

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38
Q

What are acids?

A

Donate protons (H+), decrease pH

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39
Q

What are bases?

A

Reduce protons or add OH-, help stabilize internal cell pH

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40
Q

What would be a 0 on the pH scale?

A

Acidic

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41
Q

What would be a 14 on the pH scale?

A

Basic

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42
Q

What makes 96% of living matter?

A

CHON

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43
Q

An ion with six protons, seven neutrons, and a charge of 2+ has an atomic number of?

A

6

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44
Q

The reactivity of an atom arises from?

A

The presence of unpaired electrons

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45
Q

A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a?

A

surface of hydrocarbons

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46
Q

What are the emergent properties of water?

A

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

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47
Q

Fewer protons=

A

acidic

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48
Q

More protons=

A

basic

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49
Q

What are isomers?

A

same number and types of atoms

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50
Q

What determines function?

A

shape

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51
Q

What are types of isomers?

A

structural, cis-trans (two opposite), enantiomers (mirror)

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52
Q

What are the four main classes of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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53
Q

What are the most abundant organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates

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54
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, backbones

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55
Q

What are monomers?

A

building blocks

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56
Q

What are polymers?

A

many monomers linked together

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57
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Removing a water molecule to form a covalent bond

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58
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two simple sugars bonded through dehydration synthesis

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59
Q

What is used for storage?

A

starch and glycogen

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60
Q

What is used for structural?

A

cellulose and chitin

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61
Q

What uses alpha?

A

starch

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62
Q

What uses beta?

A

cellulose

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63
Q

How are carbohydrates formed?

A

rings

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64
Q

What are short chains?

A

Oligosaccharides

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65
Q

What are long chains?

A

Polysaccharides

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66
Q

Is glucose alpha or beta?

A

can have both structures

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67
Q

What are lipids?

A

Store energy (higher than carbs), hydrophobic, mostly C, H

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68
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

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69
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

saturated or unsaturated, 16-18 carbons

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70
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

max hydrogen

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71
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

fewer hydrogen

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72
Q

What is wax?

A

lipids with long chain polyol instead of glycerol

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73
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, like fat but one fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group
(polar phosphate head group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails joined by a glycerol backbone)

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74
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding a water molecule

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75
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

a sugar attached to a phosphate group with a nitrogen base

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76
Q

What are proteins?

A

polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

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77
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

sequence of amino acids fastened by peptide bonds

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78
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids

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79
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

folding by interactions among R groups

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80
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

association of more polypeptides

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81
Q

What are functions of a protein?

A

Enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, motor, and structural

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82
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

shape

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83
Q

What determines the production of
proteins in a cell?

A

information from genes

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84
Q

What are two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA RNA

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85
Q

What is DNA?

A

double stranded H bonds that store information, deoxyribose

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86
Q

What is RNA?

A

single stranded can have internal H bonds, copying data from DNA, ribose

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87
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

information expression to make proteins

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88
Q

What is ATP?

A

chemical form of energy, ribonucleotide

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89
Q

What have cell walls?

A

plants

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90
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya (living things, plants animals)

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91
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

cells can just appear or be made

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92
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all living things are made from cells and cells can only make other cells

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93
Q

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

mitochondria used to be free roaming bacteria before a host form absorbed them

94
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

cell membrane (phospholipids), cytosol, DNA, ribosomes

95
Q

What are two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

96
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

“primitive” cell with no full nucleus,

97
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

“advanced” cell with full nucleus (nucleus envelope)

98
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur through swan-neck flask

99
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

a membrane bound organelle that contains chromosomes

100
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

plastids, cells that utilize photosynthesis in plants

101
Q

How is DNA used?

A

DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so it copies its info as a RNA which can leave through pores in the cell membrane. Proteins meet the RNA for instructions.

102
Q

What is Rough ER?

A

cell membrane that is an arrival zone, produces transportation enzymes/proteins

103
Q

What is Smooth ER?

A

cell membrane, detoxify, has lipids that store calcium ions, generates more membrane

104
Q

What affects enzymes?

A

pH, temperature, heavy metals

105
Q

What are parts of the internal endomembrane system?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

106
Q

How are enzymes regulated?

A

Allosteric inhibition/activation (changing the shape)

107
Q

How do enzymes function?

A

pathways

108
Q

How can enzyme functions be halted?

A

feedback inhibition (pathways being controlled at key points)

109
Q

What is oxidation?

A

losing an electron

110
Q

What is reduction?

A

gaining an electron

111
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

packaging, sorting, and shipping through vesicles (transporters)

112
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membrane enclosed organelles that break down polymers, recycle and digestion

113
Q

What is autophagy?

A

self-eating

114
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

cells eating bacteria

115
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

first responding white blood cells

116
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

small vesicles, detox, make hydrogen peroxide through oxidation

117
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

tonoplasts (single membrane) liquid filled in plants; regulate water and store organic acids

118
Q

What are cis-face (near Golgi apparatus)?

A

receives vesicles

119
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A

double membrane organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration

120
Q

What are cristae?

A

inner membrane folds of a mitochondrion

121
Q

What is a matrix?

A

has RNA, enzymes, and cellular respiration

122
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

cytoplasm in plant cells

123
Q

What are 2 functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Enzyme reactions, transportation

124
Q

What is tonicity?

A

water balance in cells

125
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

water is entering cell, less solute and more water concentration

126
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

water is leaving cell, more solute and less water concentration

127
Q

What is isotonic?

A

water enters and leaves cell at same rate

128
Q

What environments is an animal cell lysed and a plant cell turgid?

A

hypotonic

129
Q

What environment is an animal cell normal and a plant cell flaccid?

A

isotonic

130
Q

What environment is an animal cell lysed and a plant cell plasmolyzed?

A

hypertonic

131
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do?

A

pump out water

132
Q

What is the regulation of water?

A

osmoregulate

133
Q

What is passive transport?

A

high to low concentration, does not require energy

134
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy to move, low to high concentration

135
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown of molecules to smaller ones, gonic reactions

136
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

railroads that hold the cell shape

137
Q

What are types of cytoskeleton?

A

microfillament, intermediate, microtubule

138
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Pectin in plants, collagen/proteoglycan in animals

139
Q

What connect cells?

A

plasmodesmata in plants, gap junctions in animals

140
Q

Where is genetic information housed?

A

nucleus

141
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

3 rRNA+ and proteins, can be free or bound (to ER)

142
Q

What are used for movement by certain cells

A

flagella

143
Q

What is the thick fluid inside cells?

A

cytosol

144
Q

What are structures within cells that assemble proteins?

A

ribosomes

145
Q

What carry genes?

A

chromosomes

146
Q

What is not part of the endomembrane system?

A

Mitochondria

147
Q

Which type of ER would you expect the cells of the liver to have in greater abundance than other cells?

A

Smooth ER (detoxify)

148
Q

What organelles are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids?

A

peroxisomes

149
Q

True or false: A mitochondrion has three separate phospholipid bilayers.

A

False, it has two separate plasma membranes.

150
Q

What is responsible for converting food to ATP?

A

Mitichondria

151
Q

What is fluid found within the chloroplast of a plant?

A

stroma

152
Q

True or false: Gap junctions prevent substances from leaking through cell layers.

A

False, tight junctions prevent substances from leaking through cell layers.

153
Q

What is the pathway proteins use to leave cells?

A

Rough ER - Golgi - vesicles - cell exterior

154
Q

What are motor proteins?

A

transportation proteins (use ATP) that carry vesicles across microtubules

155
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells

156
Q

What is semi-permeable barrier?

A

cell membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through while not allowing others

157
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

cell membrane and its contents

158
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and organelles

159
Q

What is a fluid mosaic model?

A

model of cell membrane, not static

160
Q

What is cell membrane made of?

A

phospholipids

161
Q

Which is not part of the cytoskeleton?

A

collagen fibers

162
Q

What are proteins within cell membrane?

A

integral and peripheral

163
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Protein that is involved with the movement of molecules through the cell membrane

164
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Not embedded in membrane

165
Q

What determines cell membrane fluidity?

A

movement of lipids, temperature, cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity (mid temp) and hinders solidification (low temp)

166
Q

What are functions of membrane proteins?

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction

167
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

allow molecules to pass through membrane (no energy)

168
Q

What is diffusion?

A

molecules scattering randomly

169
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

transportation of molecules that does not require energy, with concentration gradient

170
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

171
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

proteins in membrane that change shape to move molecules (bound), only use energy when against concentration gradient

172
Q

What is primary transportation?

A

ATP used immediately/directly

173
Q

What is secondary transportation?

A

ATP broken down for proton-coupled transport

174
Q

What is proton-coupled transport?

A

transport that uses energy, protons are pumped out and bring molecules back into the cell

175
Q

What is the cell wall of a plant?

A

cellulose

176
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan (amino sugars and amino acids)

177
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi?

A

chitin (polymer of amino sugar)

178
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions in cells

179
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis, reactions that make things

180
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

reactions that release energy

181
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

reactions that require energy

182
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to work

183
Q

How do catalysts speed up a reaction?

A

they lower the energy needed to undergo a reaction

184
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy by movement (a bouncing ball)

185
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy (a person standing on a diving board)

186
Q

What is the Law of Thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed form

187
Q

What is a characteristic of energy reactions?

A

entropy, not all energy is used 100% (loss of energy from reactions)

188
Q

How do enzymes work in reactions?

A

apoenzyme and a coenzyme bond, the substrate can then fit into the full enzyme’s activation site

189
Q

What is an intestinal enzyme?

A

trypsin

190
Q

What is a stomach enzyme?

A

pepsin

191
Q

How are enzymes regulated?

A

allosteric (inhibition/activation);
feedback inhibition (controlled on key pathways)

192
Q

What determines amount of energy?

A

more hydrocarbons (carbs, lipids) more energy

193
Q

Is oxidation exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic (lose electron)

194
Q

Is reduction exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic (gain elextron)

195
Q

How are electrons sometimes used in redox?

A

as H

196
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycosis, purivate oxidation (linking step), citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

197
Q

What are two electron accepting molecules used in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ and FAD+

198
Q

What enzyme does NAD+ require?

A

dehydrogenase

199
Q

What is glycosis?

A

sugar breaking step in cytosol, glucose - partial oxidation - pyruvate + small amount of ATP

200
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

occurs in matrix of mitochondrion, complete oxidation of pyruvate + CO2 (breathed out) + small amount of ATP

201
Q

What is the oxidative phosphorylative step?

A

happens in mitochondrion membrane, electron transport, uses oxygen to make ATP; transfer of phosphate from substrate molecule
regenerates NAD+ through electron transport chain

202
Q

Simplify glycosis

A

sugar breaking partial oxidation
glucose = 2 pyruvate
(2 ATP, 2 NADH)
6 carbon - 3 carbon based molecules
2 phases

203
Q

What are the two phases of glycosis?

A

energy investment phase (2 ATP), payoff phase (generate 2 ATP)

204
Q

What is the linking step of cellular respiration?

A

Pyruvate oxidation, NAD takes H from pyruvate, becomes NADH

205
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

runs two times (2 pryruvate per glucose), produce 1 ATP, CO2 made
3 NADH, 1 FADH2
done when no carbon left in glucose

206
Q

What is the primary function of the oxidative phosphorylation step?

A

make ATP

207
Q

Simplify oxidative phosphorylation

A

in cristae, NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized (recycled as NAD+ and FAD+)
electron transport chain, this step uses oxygen
4 components of transport chain
regenerates NAD+

208
Q

What is the energy yield of cellular respiration?

A

1 step = 2 ATP
2 step = 2 ATP
3 step = 28ish ATP
30-32 final yield ATP

209
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

chemical (sulfate/nitrate) used as an alternative to oxygen, mostly in soil bacteria

210
Q

What is fermentation?

A

alternative to respiration, has glycolysis but no oxygen, no electron transport, no citric cycle, small ATP yield

211
Q

Reoxidized form of NADH is

A

NAD+

212
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

213
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

214
Q

What is oxidative level phosphorylation?

A

the use of O2 to oxide NADH to generate ATP
(electron transport chain)

215
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of a biological membrane

216
Q

What are most common organic acids?

A

carhoxylic acid

217
Q

What component is found in DNA but not RNA?

A

thymine

218
Q

Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16. How many electrons does oxygen have?

A

8

219
Q

Which of the following is not an organic molecule?
carbon dioxide
methane
glucose
all above are organic

A

carbon dioxide

220
Q

What is the strongest type of bond?

A

covalent bond

221
Q

Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of H+?
vinegar pH 3
tomato juice pH 4
urine pH 6
seawater pH 8

A

vinegar
lower the pH the higher the H+

222
Q

Organic acids are characterized by which of the following groups:
carboxyl
amino
alchohol
cartonyl

A

carboxyl

223
Q

Which part of cell controls transport of molecules in/out?

A

cell membrane

224
Q

Which nitrogenous base is in DNA but not RNA?

A

thymine

225
Q

Chemical reaction where products have less free energy than reactions:

A

exergonic

226
Q

Terminal electron acceptor in respiration is:

A

oxygen

227
Q

When NAD+ gets hydrogen atom (not proton) it becomes:

A

reduced

228
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation what accumulates in intermembrane that is potential energy to generate ATP?

A

protons

229
Q

Where does most of ATP from respiration come from?

A

oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

230
Q

In fermentation how is NADH re-oxidized into NAD+?

A

reducing pyruvate

bio 110 (3 decks)

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