Unit 3

Question 1

(T/F) In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

For punishment to be effective, the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time. This factor is referred to as:

Answer 2

a.contiguity
b.contingeny
c.frequency
d.time delay
(a)

Question 3

(T/F) The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the _______.

Answer 4

the more it supresses behavior

Question 5

Even a delay of _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher

Answer 5

two seconds

Question 6

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.

Answer 6

something is added

Question 7

(T/F) Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Martina is trying to get her brother, Alvaro, to stop chewing his nails. Whenever she catches him chewing his nails, she says “Alvaro, stop!” However, Martina is not very observant and only notices his nail chewing about half the time he does it. Alvaro does not stop chewing his nails, most likely because of a problem with __________.

Answer 8

contingency between nail chewing and punishment

Question 9

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms. Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in _______.

Answer 9

the use of excessively strong aversives

Question 10

Every time Gretta leaves food on her plate when she puts it in the sink after dinner, she has to fold laundry. As a result, she no longer leaves food on her plate. What is this an example of?

Answer 10

postive punishment

Question 11

Gian was removed from class because he swore at his teacher. As a result of being removed from class activities, Gian never swears at his teacher again. This is an example of:

Answer 11

negative punishment

Question 12

(T/F) Problem behavior may persist despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Being slapped for being rude is a(n) _____, while getting a fine for speeding is a(n) _____.

Answer 13

primary punisher, and secondary punisher

Question 14

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.

Answer 14

extinction

Question 15

When someone avoids punishment by cheating and lying, they are attempting to __________.

Answer 15

escape from punishment

Question 16

T/F One problem with punishment is the tendency to imitate the use of punishment.

Answer 16

true

Question 17

t/f One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

t/f DRA is an effective way to increase a desirable behavior

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what is a defining behavior of dra

Answer 19

reinforcing alternative behaviors is used

Question 20

Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is ______.

Answer 20

DRI

Question 21

Mike eats two full plates of food. Afterwards his stomach hurts. At the next meal, Mike only eats one plate of food.

Answer 21

positive punishment

Question 21

At a party, Scott drinks a lot, and with each new drink his friends cheer. Now Scott drinks even more at parties.

Answer 21

positive reinforcement

Question 22

In order for the behavioral chain to continue to occur, the last behavior in the chain must be:

Answer 22

reinforced

Question 23

Which of the following strategies is used when a target behavior is not occurring at all?

Answer 23

shaping

Question 24

A complex behavior made up of a number of component behaviors occurring in a sequence is referred to as:

Answer 24

behavioral chain

Question 25

Which of the following indicates it is time to move from one shaping step to the next?

Answer 25

individual is successfuly engaging in the behavior

Question 26

Mikhail just got a new puppy. His mom is going to use a chaining procedure to teach Mikhail all the steps involved in feeding the puppy. If his mom teaches him the last behavior in the chain first and then teaches him each previous behavior, she would be using:

Answer 26

backward chaining

Question 27

Jayapal’s mom is going to teach him how to make his bed. Jayapal’s mom conducts a task analysis to identify all the individual components involved in the task. She decides to teach Jayapal the first behavior in the chain first and then each subsequent behavior. Jayapal’s mom is using:

Answer 27

forward chaining

Question 28

A researcher is going to use a behavioral chaining procedure to teach an individual with developmental disabilities to stuff brochures into envelopes. The researcher first goes through the process of identifying all the individual stimulus–response components in the chain. This process is called:

Answer 28

task analysis

Question 29

During shaping, what is responsible for the emergence of novel behaviors?

Answer 29

extinction burst

Question 30

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________.

Answer 30

response generalization

Question 31

A generalization gradient is a depiction of the strength of responding across stimuli that are similar to

Answer 31

the S^D

Question 32

Generalization is associated with what type of stimulus control?

Answer 32

broad

Question 33

t/f The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

The behavior anayltic approach to symbolic function is

Answer 34

stimulus equivalence

Question 35

A=A

Answer 35

reflexivity

Question 36

A=B and that child demonstrates B=A without training

Answer 36

Symmetry

Question 37

Which of the following verbal operants is the only one that results in receiving the item that the person asked for?

Answer 37

Mand

Question 38

When you teach A = B and B = C, and a child demonstrates A = C, this is

Answer 38

transivity

Question 39

A verbal response that is in response to another verbal response, but that does not match, is

Answer 39

intraverbal

Question 40

When a child imitates a verbal response of another person and receives praise (or other social reinforcement), this is an example of

Answer 40

echoic

Question 41

When a verbal response is evoked by more than one antecedent or reinforced by more than one consequence, this is referred to as

Answer 41

multiple control

Question 42

A nonverbal antecedent is presented, the learner’s behavior is a verbal response stating what the antecedent is, and the consequence is praise. This is an example of which verbal operant?

Answer 42

tact

Question 42

When you teach A = B and B = C, and a child demonstrates C = A, this is

Answer 42

combined test of equivalence