Unit 1 Flashcards
True or False:
The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.
True
According to the natural science approach, the causes of natural events include
a. spirits
b. natural phenomena
c.mind
d. psychic energy
b: natural phenomena
Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through
a.consequences
b.antecedents
c.evolution
d.mindfulness
a: consequences
Which of the following assumptions of science involves the notion that all phenomena occur as the result of other events?
Determinism
the word “behavior” refers to any activity of an organism that can be…
Measured and observed
Another term for learning
Conditioning
Pascal once found $20 while cleaning his apartment. As a result, he cleans his apartment more often, with specific attention to the area where he found the money. Pascal’s behavior illustrates _________ conditioning.
a. classical
b.observational
c.operant
d. respondent
operant
Match individual with concept
Operant conditioning
natural selection
respondent conditioning
Skinner
Darwin
Pavlov
Operant Conditiong:Skinner
Natural Selection:Darwin
Respondent Conditioning:Pavlov
A(n) _____ measure of behavior is the frequency with which a behavior occurs in a set period of time.
a. latency
b.interval
c.rate
d.duration
rate
Topography of behavior…
a. physical form of the behavior
b.amount of time it takes to begin a behavioral episode
c.physical intensity of the behavior
physical form of the behavior
Response fluency refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.
true or false
false
The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can be observed only by the person performing the behavior.
a. overt
b.covert
c.implosive
d.extraneous
covert
When conducting a group-design experiment, what do researchers often use to reduce differences among participants?
a. case study
b.statistics
c. topography
d. matched sampling
matched sampling
Control groups are useful for studying…
a. the behavior of one individual
b. the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals
c. the potential of lifesaving medication on critically ill patients
d. rare diseases or conditions where little is known yet
the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals
What method of research doesn’t require the manipulation of variables?
a. single subject
b. experimental
c. control group
d. descriptive
descriptive
The ________ variable is measured, while the _________ variable, or some level of it, is manipulated to see the resulting effect in the former.
a. extraneous; dependent
b. dependent; extraneous
c. dependent; independent
d. independent; dependent
dependent; independent
Research design seen as a reversal design…
a. A-B
b. A-B-A-B
c. Multiple baseline
d. changing criterion
A-B-A-B
A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in treatment is called a:
a. baseline
b. timeline
c. phase line
d. treatment line
phase line
The level of the target behavior is recorded on which axis?
vertical axis or Y
The horizontal axis in a graph is used to record:
time
In Pavlov’s basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)
uncondtioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome becomes a(n) _____ after conditioning.
conditioned stimulus
The conditioned response (CR) is often similar to what?
similar but not identical to UR
Natural Science Approach includes 4 assumptions
- simplest explanation that fits the data is best
- the causes of natural events include only natural phenomena
- causes preceed their effects
- something causes natural phenomena “things dont just happen”
