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PSY 217 Learning and Behavior > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:
The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.

A

True

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2
Q

According to the natural science approach, the causes of natural events include
a. spirits
b. natural phenomena
c.mind
d. psychic energy

A

b: natural phenomena

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3
Q

Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through
a.consequences
b.antecedents
c.evolution
d.mindfulness

A

a: consequences

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4
Q

Which of the following assumptions of science involves the notion that all phenomena occur as the result of other events?

A

Determinism

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5
Q

the word “behavior” refers to any activity of an organism that can be…

A

Measured and observed

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6
Q

Another term for learning

A

Conditioning

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7
Q

Pascal once found $20 while cleaning his apartment. As a result, he cleans his apartment more often, with specific attention to the area where he found the money. Pascal’s behavior illustrates _________ conditioning.
a. classical
b.observational
c.operant
d. respondent

A

operant

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8
Q

Match individual with concept
Operant conditioning
natural selection
respondent conditioning

Skinner
Darwin
Pavlov

A

Operant Conditiong:Skinner
Natural Selection:Darwin
Respondent Conditioning:Pavlov

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9
Q

A(n) _____ measure of behavior is the frequency with which a behavior occurs in a set period of time.
a. latency
b.interval
c.rate
d.duration

A

rate

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10
Q

Topography of behavior…
a. physical form of the behavior
b.amount of time it takes to begin a behavioral episode
c.physical intensity of the behavior

A

physical form of the behavior

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11
Q

Response fluency refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.
true or false

A

false

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12
Q

The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can be observed only by the person performing the behavior.
a. overt
b.covert
c.implosive
d.extraneous

A

covert

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13
Q

When conducting a group-design experiment, what do researchers often use to reduce differences among participants?
a. case study
b.statistics
c. topography
d. matched sampling

A

matched sampling

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14
Q

Control groups are useful for studying…
a. the behavior of one individual
b. the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals
c. the potential of lifesaving medication on critically ill patients
d. rare diseases or conditions where little is known yet

A

the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals

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15
Q

What method of research doesn’t require the manipulation of variables?
a. single subject
b. experimental
c. control group
d. descriptive

A

descriptive

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16
Q

The ________ variable is measured, while the _________ variable, or some level of it, is manipulated to see the resulting effect in the former.
a. extraneous; dependent
b. dependent; extraneous
c. dependent; independent
d. independent; dependent

A

dependent; independent

17
Q

Research design seen as a reversal design…
a. A-B
b. A-B-A-B
c. Multiple baseline
d. changing criterion

A

A-B-A-B

18
Q

A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in treatment is called a:
a. baseline
b. timeline
c. phase line
d. treatment line

A

phase line

19
Q

The level of the target behavior is recorded on which axis?

A

vertical axis or Y

20
Q

The horizontal axis in a graph is used to record:

A

time

21
Q

In Pavlov’s basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)

A

uncondtioned stimulus

22
Q

In Pavlov’s basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome becomes a(n) _____ after conditioning.

A

conditioned stimulus

23
Q

The conditioned response (CR) is often similar to what?

A

similar but not identical to UR

24
Q

Natural Science Approach includes 4 assumptions

A
  1. simplest explanation that fits the data is best
  2. the causes of natural events include only natural phenomena
  3. causes preceed their effects
  4. something causes natural phenomena “things dont just happen”
25
Q

Covert events

A

thinking or feeling

26
Q

What is error?

A

Measure learning by seeking a reduction in errors

27
Q

What is anecdotes?

A

first or secondhand reports of personal experiences
phrases like “in my experienced “ive found that”

28
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

the practice of objective observation and measurement of the phenomena of interest.

29
Q

What is the time that passes before a behavior can occurs?

A

Latency

30
Q

What combines errors and rates to measure learning by counting the number of correct responses?

A

Fluency

31
Q

What is the behavior that can be directly observed? Covert or Overt

A

Overt

32
Q

Whats a stimulus an organism that will seek out?

A

appetitive stimulus

33
Q

whats a stimulus an organism will avoid?

A

averise stimulus

34
Q
A

PSY 217 Learning and Behavior (3 decks)

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