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PSY 217 Learning and Behavior > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Responses that produce a satisifying effect after a particular stimulus are likely to occur again vice versa.

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2
Q

what is the skinner box?

A

a chamber, used to conduct operant conditioning with research animals (lever example)

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3
Q

What is operant learning?

A

Experiences whereby consequences strengthen or weaken behavior operant learning bc the behavior operates on the environment.

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4
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

means an increase in the strengthen of behavior due to its consequences

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcment?

A

a behavior results in the appearance of or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus. Individuals ordinarly seek out this stimulus.
EX: putting money in a vending machine

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6
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

the removal or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus strengthens behavior. ordinarly individuals try to escape or avoid this stimulus

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7
Q

what is escape learning?

A

when a person or animal learns to terminate an aversive stimulus by engaging in a specific behavior

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8
Q

what is avoidance learning?

A

when an organism learns a response in order to avoid experiencing an unpleasant stimulus

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9
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

they dont depend on learning exeperinces
ex: food, water, sexual stimulation

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10
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

arent innate but result from learning experiences
EX: praise, recognition, smiles, applause

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11
Q

generalized reinforcers

A

if a reinforcer has been paired with many different kinds of reinforcers
EX: money

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12
Q

contrived reinforcers

A

events that are provided by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior
EX: when a child says cook-ee and the parents give the child a cookie

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13
Q

what can a primary reinforcer also be called?

A

unconditioned

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14
Q

In one of Thorndike’s puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________

A

treadle stepping increased because it had a satisfying effect

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15
Q

Behaviors that have been strongly paired with reinforcement can themselves become _____ reinforcers.

A

secondary

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16
Q

T/F Meghan wants to put her dog Leah in her crate. However, Leah does not want to go into her crate because it’s in a chilly room and Leah does not like being cold. When Leah does go into her crate, Meghan turns on a heated blanket inside of her crate. Leah now goes into her crate happily every time Meghan asks her. It is difficult to say whether Leah enters her crate now because of positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement.

A

true

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17
Q

A reinforcer that has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting is called a(n) _____ reinforcer.

A

contrived

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18
Q

A rat’s home chamber is strongly associated with food, water, warmth, and safety. As a result, an opportunity for the rat to enter its home chamber can likely function as a(n) _____ reinforcer.

A

generalized

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19
Q

Being paid to study is a _____ reinforcer for studying.

A

both conditioned and contrived

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20
Q

Luka’s teacher wants to encourage him to raise his hand before talking in class. Every time he raises his hand, his teacher puts a check mark next to his name on the board. At the end of the day, if Luka has ten check marks, he gets a piece of candy. The check marks on the board are an example of __________.

A

secondary reinforcers

21
Q

what is contiguity?

A

the time between the emission of a behavior and delivery

22
Q

what is the best way to deliver reinforcement

A

-the sooner the better
-the more frequent the better
-the larger the better
-the better the better

23
Q

In general, the more _____ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior.

A

immediate

24
Q

Premack principle is most logically associated with ___

A

relative value theory

25
Q

The Premack principle suggests that reinforcement involves _______.

A

a relation between behaviors

26
Q

T/F Small reinforcers delivered frequently generally produce faster learning than large reinforcers delivered infrequently.

A

true

27
Q

T/F The Premack principle states that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior

A

true

28
Q

Ayla usually has ice cream after dinner every night. Tonight when she went to the freezer, she discovered she was out of ice cream, so she could not eat any, dropping her ice cream eating below her baseline level. Ayla is likely to go to the grocery store to get ice cream so she can have it tonight after dinner and return to her normal pattern. Which theory of reinforcement best describes Ayla’s behavior?

A

response deprivation theory

29
Q

Tiffany chooses to train her dog with treats as reinforcers first thing in the morning before he eats breakfast. Training her dog before he has eaten is an example of a __________.

A

establishing operation

30
Q

Kalani wants to help motivate himself to study for his exam. For every 15 minutes that he studies, he allows himself to eat a cookie. After an hour, however, Kalani is full and no longer finds the cookies reinforcing. What motivating operation has occured?

A

abloshing operation- satiation

31
Q

What is contingency

A

the degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequences

32
Q

What is relative value theory?

A

theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcers effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors
EX:act of eating, watching tv, cleaning the house

33
Q

what is premack principle

A

a principle of reinforcement which states that an opportunity to engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will reinforcer less probable behaviors
ex: “finish your food and you will be given dessert” finish ur food is considered low probability behavuor and the you will get dessert is high probability behavior

34
Q

what is response deprivation theory?

A

a behavior is reinforcing the extent that the organism has been deprived of performing behavior

35
Q

Respondent behavior is _______

A

elicited

36
Q

_____ behavior is controlled by consequences.

A

operant

37
Q

To determine if respondent conditioning is involved, the most critical question to ask is whether the behavior is mostly a function of the

A

stimulus that precedes it

38
Q

Playing the piano is an example of

A

operant

39
Q

Unlike respondent conditioned behavior, operant behavior is

A

involutanry and flexible

40
Q

To determine if operant conditioning is involved, the most critical question to ask is whether the behavior is mostly a function of the

A

stimulus that follows it

41
Q

A newborn’s grasping and sucking to touch is an example of

A

respondent

42
Q

_____ behavior is controlled by antecedents

A

respondent

43
Q

Operant behavior is _______

A

emitted

44
Q

A rat must press a lever continuously for 10 minutes to earn a pellet of food. This is an example of a _____ schedule.

A

fixed duration

45
Q

In a(n) _____ schedule, the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed, predictable period of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior.

A

ft

46
Q

If I’m try to teach my dog a new behavior that she’s never done before, what would be the best schedule of reinforcement to use during the initial stages of teaching her the new behavior? (Choose the best answer)

A

continous reinforcement

47
Q

On a fixed _________ schedule , the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed amount of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior.

A

time

48
Q

On which of the following schedules would you expect to see a “break-and-run” pattern of responding

A

fr 10

49
Q

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.

A

noncontingent

PSY 217 Learning and Behavior (3 decks)

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