Unit 3 Flashcards
organic compound
the compound that contains carbon
macromolecules
polymers of long chains of monomers
isomers
compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties
structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
cis-trans isomers
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, the atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds
H X
\ /
C = C
/ \
X H
Enantiomers
the isomers that are mirror images of 1 another, differ in shape, and 1 of them are usually active
functional group
the chemical group that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
hydroxyl group
converts organic compounds into alcohol enhancing solubility in water, that has an OH bonded to it
carbonyl group
C=O, found in a larger carbon molecule, a carbon double bonded to oxygen
carboxyl group
The COOH, that are components of fatty acids and amino acids
amino group
NH2, is a component of amino acids
sulfhydryl group
SH, can serve as a marker for proteins in membrane functions
phosphate group
PO3, its an important structural component of nucleotide, basic structural unit of DNA and RNA
methyl group
CH3, found in gene expression, fetal development, neurotransmitter production
ATP
adenosine triphosphate is an organic molecule that has an important function in the cell
polymer
a long molecule consisting similar building blocks
monomer
small building block molecules
dehydration reaction
2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis
the reverse reaction of the dehydration reaction
enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
monosaccharides
simplest carbohydrates
disaccharide
formed through a dehydration reaction which joins 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond between monosaccharides
polysaccharides
polymers of sugars have storage and structure roles
starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants
glycogen
a storage polysaccharide in animals
cellulose
a major component in the walls of plant cells
chitin
structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
lipids
consists of hydrocarbons that form nonpolar covalent bonds and is hydrophobic
fats
constructed from glycerol (3 carbon alcohol and OH group) and a fatty acid (COOH attach to long carbon skeleton)
ester linkage
a bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group, creating a triglyceride
saturated fatty acids
lack double bonds between carbon atoms, tend to be solid, animal fats
unsaturated fatty acids
1+ more double bonds between molecules and are liquid at room temperature
trans fat
the process when unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
steroid
lipids that have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
cholesterol
an important steroid the maintains fluidity of animal cell membranes
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from amino acids
peptide bonds
the linkage between amino acids
hydrophobic interactions
the interaction between nonpolar molecule groups in water and their low solubility.
Ex: amino acids
disulphide bridges
a bond between the sulfurs of 2 cysteines
sickle-cell disease
an inherited blood disorder results from a single acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
denaturation
the loss of protein’s native structure
renaturation
the formation of a protein’s native structure
X-ray crystallography
determines the d-protein structure based on diffractions of an x-ray beam atoms of the crystalized molecule
gene
the amino acid sequence programmed in a unit of inheritance
nucleic acid
made of monomers called nucleotides
gene expression
the process by which the info encoded in a gene is turned into function
polynucleotides
nucleic acids that are polymers
nucleotides
monomers of polynucleotides
pyrimidine
a single ring that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil
purines
a double ring and includes adenine and guanine
phosphodiester linkage
nucleotides joined together
