Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation of thermodynamics?

A

Delta G = Delta H - (T * Delta S)

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2
Q

What is entropy?

A

It is a constant of disorder

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3
Q

What G stand for

A

Free energy

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4
Q

What S stand for

A

entropy = disorder

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5
Q

Enthalpy is what

A

H and potential energy

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6
Q

What is a sponmtaneous reaction?

A

A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that will happen spontaneously without the help of nothing

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7
Q

How can ATP can help a reaction to be spontaneous?

A

The ATP is a source of energy and this energy will help a reaction to achieve their activation energy factor. It is like a point of non-retour that they can’t go back.

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8
Q

How can enzyme help with nmetabolic reaction?

A

An enzyme lower the actiovation energy needed for the reaction to happen so the reaction will happen faster with the need of less energy therefore accelerating some metabolical reaction.

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9
Q

How can an enzyme work(3)?

A
  1. Enzyme bring the molecules together
  2. Charge interactions
  3. Changing the shape of the substrate molecule.
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10
Q

Discuss enzyme reaction rate with the PH and temperature

A

Each enzyme has its own enzyme effectivity at different ph same for temp, but for temp at certaintemp an enzyme can denature and its functions is bad after.

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11
Q

Enzyme activity concentration

A

if the concentration of the enzyme is growing then the rate will increase. However if it is the substrate it will increase bu at a certain point is stop and it saturates.

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12
Q

What is the main difference between the areobic pathway and the anaerobic pathway?

A

The anaerobic pathway uses different electron transporter than O2 and it is less great since o2 is simply highly electronegative and have a greater affinity with electron therefore bein better.

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13
Q

Identify where the fermentation occurs if the cellualr respiration is blocked and explain why?

A

So the fermentation is like the back-up generatore of the cell. When oxygen is plentiful the pyruvate will enter the cell and continue its way to the krebs cycle but if not it will goes under the fermentation.

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14
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A

alchol and lactate

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15
Q

Can you explain what happen to pyruvate in the alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to ethyl alcohol as NADH is oxydized to NAD+

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16
Q

Can you explain what happen to the pyruvate under the lactate fermentation?

A

Pyrtuvate is transformed into a three carbon molecule lactate. But in contrary to the alcohol when getting transformed to lactate if oxygen is back it will become pyruvate and act normal as the pyruvate normally.

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17
Q

What is the main difference between the energy requiring phase and the energy consuming phase of the glycolysis?

A

The atp is transformed to adp +p and in the second is that adp + p is transformed to atp

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18
Q

How many atps aerobic respiration do

A

36 to 38

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19
Q

How many atps anaerobic respiration do

A

2 to 36

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20
Q

What have the more potential energy? Nadh or nad+ + H+

A

NADH

21
Q

At the end of glycolysis how many pyruvate is made? And because of what?

A

2 because of the separation made by aldolase

22
Q

How many acetyl group is made by a pyruvate ?

A

1

23
Q

What is the role of the electron transport chain?

A

Take the NADH and FADH2 and release its potential energy under the form of ATP

24
Q

How do the ETC convert the energy

A

Into a proton-motive force

25
Q

How many complex the ETC have?

A

4

26
Q

What is the name of complex 1?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

27
Q

What is the name of complex 2?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

28
Q

What is the name of complex 3?

A

Cytochrome complex

29
Q

What is the name of complex 4?

A

Cytochrome oxydase

30
Q

What is the general job of the complexes?

A

Facilitate the transfer of electron from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen

31
Q

What is the complex that skips the order?

A

Complex 2 because of the ubiquitone that is between complex 1 and 3

32
Q

What transfer the electron in the ETC?

A

Prosthetic groups

33
Q

What are prosthetic groups

A

redox-active cofactors

34
Q

Does the ETC creates ATP?

A

No

35
Q

What the energy released by ETC really do

A

Transporting protons therefore creating a concentration much more higher in the intermemebrane than in the matrix

36
Q

What is the chemiosmosis?

A

It’s goal is to harness the proton motive force to do work.

37
Q

What is the key enxyme that is regulated in glycolysis of the cell? and what it does?

A

Phosphofructo kinase which catalyses the convcersion of fructose 6 phosphate

38
Q

Phosphofructokinase is a … enzyme?

A

Allosteric

39
Q

What are the two key regulators of phospho fructo kinase

A

atp and ADP

40
Q

ATP is an allosteric … and why?

A

inhibitor because if excess of ATP is present in the cytosol it binds to the phosphofructo kinase inhibiting its activity. It stops the rest of the reaction.

41
Q

ADP is an allosteric activator

A
42
Q

Glycolysis creates how many atp?

A

8 ( 2 by substrate-level phosphorylation and 6 by 2 NADH * 3 (3/NADH)

43
Q

2 Pyruvate oxydation creates how many atp

A

6 –) 2 NADH * 3

44
Q

2 acetyl group in the krebs cycle creates how many atp?

A

2 from sub-level phosphorylation, 18 by 6 NADH *3, 4 by 2 FADH2 * 2

45
Q

For each NADH pump how many protons ?

A

10 protons

46
Q

Proteins can enter the repiration cellular where?

A

At the pyruvate step, at the acetyl step, or the krebs

47
Q

Glycerol can enter the respiration where?

A

Before aldolase, before the splits where the glycerol is the G3P

48
Q

fatty acids can enter where?

A

At the acetyl group before the krebs