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Biology 102 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the unique structures of plants

A
  1. Sessile
  2. Cell wall –) Cellulose
  3. Chlorophyll –) Synthetizing
    4.Multicellular
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2
Q

Explain the alternation of generations in the life cycle of plants

A

Land plants = two multicellular stages : diploid;haploid

Diploid= produces spores by meioisis and is called a sporophyte

Haploid: produces gametes by mitosis and is called gametophyte

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3
Q

Gametophyte function?

A

Nourish and protect the forthcoming sporophyte generation.

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4
Q

Explain the transition from water to land in plants with the major adaptations required

A

Great Oxydation Event = Increase of O2 in the atmosphere : 1. Cools the atmospher and Solar radiation turns 02 to O3 (Protection)
2. This causes a Dramatic Radiation(Rapid evolution and Divergence)
3. Plants on land:
i: Movement to land –) Mosses
ii: Vascular tissues –) Ferns
iii: Seeds –) Gymno Sperms –) naked seeds
iv: Flowers –) Angiosperms –) protected seeds

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5
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
Colonizers and Pionneers helping to build soil on bare rocks and stabilizing the soil.

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6
Q

Bryophyte compose what percentage of biomass?

A

50%

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7
Q

Why bryophytes are adapted to land, what do they have more then their ancestral algae?

A

Cuticle and stomata

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8
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

Protection against stress that could create problems.

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9
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Opening that creates gas exchanges through the epidermis of a plant.

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10
Q

What is a rhyzoid?

A

Anchor to the bryophytes these are not real roots.
Roots are taking nutrients but rhyzoids are just grabbing the rock or the soil to solidify the stance of the bryophyte.

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11
Q

What is a chloroplasts?

A

The chloroplasts are in the family of plastids and are the main reason why the plants have the color green, Chlorophyll A and B are part of the pigment that absorbs the light of the plants and the plants is after able to transform this light into energy.

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12
Q

What is the cell wall? What is its composition?

A

The cell wall is composed of cellulose a beta glycigen part and creates a protection for the plant’s cell.

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13
Q

What is the importance of Lignin?

A

Lignin is a polymer that gives rigidity and supprt to the tissue of the uprgrowing plants such as tree. The lignin can also act as a protection against fungus and other, it is what gives the yellow like color to old page

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14
Q

Provide the order in which major structures appeared in the evolution of plants: stomata, cuticle, roots, seeds, flowers, pores, leaves, pollen,

A

1.Pores
2.Stomata
3.Cuticle
4.Roots
5. Leaves
6. Pollen
7. Seeds protected inside fruits
8. Flowers

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15
Q

Identify the characteristics of Animals?

A
  1. Monophyletic
  2. Eukaryotic
    3.Multicellular
  3. Fluid membrane in direct contact with each other
  4. Chemo-Heterotrophs
  5. Motile
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16
Q

Animals reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

They reproduce in both ways

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17
Q

What are the 3 key adaptations to life on land?

A

a. Eggs that can develop out of water
b. Lungs
c. Internal fertilization

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18
Q

What are the three steps of early development of animals and explain?

A
  1. Cleavage: Morula–) blastula –) Blastomeres –) Blastocoel
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19
Q

Make the link between the type of symetry and the number of germ layers?

A

As the blastula develops into the gastrula they start to differentiate into three layers. The first two are the ectoderm and the mesoderm. The ectoderm is the layer that results to the skin development and the development of skin. Mesoderm is for the muscles.
Endoderm is for the digestive development.

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20
Q

The main difference betwwen diploblastic and tripoblastic organization is??

A

Dipoblastic organisation don’t have muscle so gew.

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21
Q

Advantages of bilateral animals over radial animal?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are far more mobile than radially symmetrical organisms, allowing for more complex interactions with their environment and other organisms

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22
Q

Protostomes vs deuterastomes (Cleavage)

A

P=Spiral
D=Radial

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23
Q

Protostomes vs Deuterastomes?

A

Blastospore differentitation:

P: Mouth
D: Anus

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24
Q

Give me an example of of an asexual reproduction of animal?

A

Fission, Budding, and fragmentation.
Examples:
Fission: The parents split
Budding: A new individual grow on the parent and after fall giving the birth to a new
Fragmentation: Separates in different pieces like head and tails and mid body and the three of them will generate a new animal.

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25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

A

Desadvantages = cost of energy and raw materials to create to new animals. Also finding a mate can create some friction between the male and therefore create some predation and conflict

Advantages: Can be good for the diversity of the species.

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26
Q

What is the archegonia

A

Things produced at the en of the female gametophytes

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27
Q

What is the antheridia

A

Produced by the male gametophytes

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28
Q

What are rhyzomes

A

They are more advanced roots than rhyzoids but less than real roots

29
Q

What are the two types od vacular tissues

A

Xylem phloem

30
Q

What xylem does?

A

Xylem transports water and minerals upward

31
Q

What phloem does?

A

It conducts sugars from the leaves to the roots,a nd water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

32
Q

What is the proportion of haploid and diploid amongst the seedless vacular plants ?

A

1:1

33
Q

What is the ratio of diploid and haploid stages in the vascular plants/conifers

A

3:1

34
Q

What is the main differnece between the angiosperms and the gymnosperms

A

The angiosperms has fruits

35
Q

What is whorls

A

It is some modifidied leaves

36
Q

What is whorl 1?

A

It’s the sepals

37
Q

What is whorl 2 ?

A

Petals–) Attracts bees

38
Q

Whorl 3

A

Satamens in which male gametophyte form

39
Q

whorl 4

A

Carpel in which female gametophytes

40
Q

What are the three main asexual repoduction for plants?

A

Fragmentation, apomixis, cuttings

41
Q

What is a nuclear complex?

A

It is the largest protein and it exchanges components between the nucleus and cytoplasm and prevents the transport of material not meant to pass.

42
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes are where?

A

Free in the cytosol or attached to membranes

43
Q

Rough ER to the …

A

Golgi complex

44
Q

Rough ER Lumen Function? (3)

A
  1. MRna Binds to Ribosome on outside ER
  2. Amino Acids chain grows inside the Er(Lumen )
  3. Chaperone proteins help with the folding of the polypeptides
45
Q

What are the function of the smooth ER?

A

Synthesis of the lipids and enzyme that converts poison drugs and more into substance that can be tolerated.

46
Q

Golgi Complex?

A

Centre de trie

47
Q

MItochondria function?

A

Cellular respiration

48
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

Assembled from dimers of a and b tubulin proteins

49
Q

What are the functions of microfilament?

A

Intercellular junctions and movements. So it is the glue to two cells and creates movement of muscles contraction.

50
Q

The motor proteins that walks along the microfilaments are called what?

A

Myosins

51
Q

The motor proteins that walks along the microtubules are called?

A

Dyneins and kinesins

52
Q

What is a grana?

A

A grana is a stack of thylakoids that are composed of stroma

53
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A

They are colorless plastids that store starch

54
Q

What are the function of the central vacuole? What do they do?

A

It occupies 90% of the cell volume and the pressure within the central vacuole creates turgur pressureon the wall and therefore creates supports for the cells. Their are also the trash of the cells.

55
Q

What are the three types of junctions?

A

Anchoring junctions; Tight junctions and gab junctions

56
Q

What are the anchoring junctions what are there functions?

A

It creates a no movement environment.

57
Q

What are the gap junctions what are there functions?

A

It opens and closes channels that allows the flow of ions to pass from one cell to another

58
Q

What are the tight junctions and what are their functions?

A

Sela the spaces between the cells and cover the internal body.

59
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

There is the alpha glucose and the beta glucose. The alpha is more for the energy storage as the beta is more for the structure.

60
Q

What are structural isomer?

A

They are the same chemical formula but with a different organization that creates a difference and therefore the functions are not the same.

61
Q

Disaccharides comes from what?

A

They come from the dehydration of two monoscaharides —) Two mono = 1 dia

62
Q

What are the lipids characteristics?

A
  1. Water insoluble
  2. non-polar
  3. Fats, phospholipids and steroids
63
Q

Two different backbones of hydrocarbon molecules

A

Isoprenes and fatty acids

64
Q

Isoprenes are mainly used in the backboning of ?

A

STeroids

65
Q

Phospholipids? Tell me more?

A

The phospolipids are made of two different part the hydrophile head and the hydrophobe tails.

66
Q

What are the four groups of protein?

A

Non polar amino acids, uncharged polar, negatively charged and positivaly charged

67
Q

How many structures of protein there are?

A

4

68
Q

What is the first structure of proteins

A

Primary structure which implies the sequence of amino acids

69
Q

What is the second structure of proteins

A

Secondary structure which twist and turns the amino acids chains

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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