unit 3

Question 1

forest communities

Answer 1

an assembly of plant and organisms
described by physiognomy, vertical structure

Question 2

asymmetric/nonequivalent competitive interaction

Answer 2

tree canopy competitiveness is not related to size

Question 3

symmetric/equivalent competitive interaction

Answer 3

all other things equal, as root size and area increase, so does the ability to grab nutrients and water

Question 4

environmental gradient

Answer 4

variations in site characteristics and may be described by changes in elevation, site index, soil acidity, composition, fertility, moisture, exposure, edges and interiors, and land use history

Question 5

niche

Answer 5

a place occupied by an individual, live tree and represents sum of the resources required for it to survive in an environment

Question 6

fundamental niche

Answer 6

complete range of resources in which a tree species can persist

Question 7

realized niche

Answer 7

actual range of conditions, given the competition for other trees, the natural distribution of trees

Question 8

niche construction process

Answer 8

the ability of a plant and animal species to modify the availability of resources for themselves and other species

Question 9

succession

Answer 9

orderly supplanting of 1 community of plants by another, or the change in character or composition of an area of ecological community over time

Question 10

sere

Answer 10

sequence of successional stages

Question 11

autogenic

Answer 11

when the developing vegetation itslelf is the main cause of the change
ex. trees grow in size

Question 12

allogenic

Answer 12

outside factors influence or are the direct cause of the change
ex harvest or natural disaster

Question 13

succession influences by

Answer 13

natural events, anthropogenic events, quality of site, state of soil development, seed availability, vegetation composition, weather conditions

Question 14

primary succession

Answer 14

unoccupied substrate where no soil is present
ex. volcanoes, bare rock, sand

Question 15

secondary succession

Answer 15

initiated by events that do not result in the formation of barren, unoccupied substrate
wildfires, hurricanes, harvest

Question 16

pioneer species

Answer 16

exhibit the fastest growth and often appear as dominant tree species

Question 17

stand initiation stage

Answer 17

all seeds come from tree at same time

Question 18

storm exclusion stage

Answer 18

intense competition among growing seedlings and saplings

Question 19

understory reinitiation stage

Answer 19

understory comes back as canopy matures

Question 20

final stage

Answer 20

climax, technically doesn’t exist but it is the stage where all aspects of the forest are realized
closest we come is “old growth forest”

Question 21

gap

Answer 21

in forest canopy
allow seedling recruitment
allow competing tree species to increase

Question 22

seedling recruitment

Answer 22

how many are growing and turning into trees

Question 23

adjacent trees

Answer 23

can utilize lateral instead of up and down
ex sourwood

Question 24

forest disturbances

Answer 24

environmental alteration of the character of a wooded area through natural or anthropogenic means

Question 25

wind disturbances

Answer 25

made of air made of gases, caused by the rotation of the planet and differential heating
transitions forest to secondary succession

Question 26

windward sidei

Answer 26

under tension

Question 27

leeward side

Answer 27

under compression

Question 28

ways to manage winds

Answer 28

survey of managers who have dealt with wind effects or
site-specific research studies

Question 29

Hurricane Katrina

Answer 29

recent management activities and poor weather were most important factors

Question 30

fire disturbances

Answer 30

requires fuel, heat, oxygen

Question 31

wildfire

Answer 31

uncontrolled fire
caused by lightning, human activities

Question 32

fire behavior

Answer 32

dependent on the combustion of suitable fuel and an ample oxygen supply

Question 33

ground fuels

Answer 33

low lying vegetation, logs,leaves, grasses, fallen limbs

Question 34

arial fuels

Answer 34

above ground includes standing and dead trees

Question 35

moisture content

Answer 35

wetter it is the less likely it is to burn

Question 36

fuel compactness

Answer 36

compact fuel has less oxygen and therefore harder to ignite

Question 37

atmospheric stability

Answer 37

cumulus clouds indicate unstable atmospheric conditions, greater wind speeds

Question 38

direct way of combatting a wildfire

Answer 38

working on the edge of the fire, spraying water onto flames, smothering flames, or building fire lines
small amount of land burned

Question 39

indirect way of combatting a wildfire

Answer 39

build fire breaks some distance from the fire
larger land areas burned

Question 40

famous fires

Answer 40

tilamook burn
yellowstire fire
peshtigo fire

Question 41

volcanic eruptions

Answer 41

a rupture in earth’s crust
Mount St Helens

Question 42

ice storms

Answer 42

occur when precipitation passes from a cold air layer through warm air layer then back through a cold air layer

Question 43

floods

Answer 43

freshwater: drowns trees
saltwater: more common, destructive to a forest

Question 44

plant diseases

Answer 44

potato blight
Dutch Elm disease
chestnut blight

Question 45

signs of disease

Answer 45

canker/gall, reduced height/diameter, root rot, vascular wilts, sap rot, shoot blight, foliar distortions

Question 46

insects

Answer 46

pine moth, gypsy moth, asian longhorned beetle, woody adelgid, pine beetle