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forestry > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

site

A

area of ground on which a forest is, or soon will be residing

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2
Q

site preparation

A

making site suitable for the establishment of a new forest and in most cases, an even-aged forest
usually means removing all vegetation as it will compete with what is to be planted

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3
Q

slash

A

unwanted logging debris need to be removed/pushed aside to facilitate planting activities

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4
Q

site prep methods

A

manual, mechanical, aerial (chemical)

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5
Q

burning (site prep)

A

common in tropical countries less common in US

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6
Q

chopping (site prep)

A

breaking down material into smaller units for possible burning/moving

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7
Q

raking (site prep)

A

bull dozer/skidder with a blade containing teeth attached to the front of the vehicle and teeth penetrate and mix the soil and disrupt root systems

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8
Q

windrows (site prep)

A

developed by raking together felled debris and are often burned with conditions suitable

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9
Q

bedding (site prep)

A

creation of long, linear planting mounds/beds

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10
Q

subsoiling/ripping (site prep)

A

used on soils where potential tree root growth will be restricted due to soil compaction/ soil has natural hardpan

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11
Q

downsides of manual/mechanical

A

soil compaction, loss of topsoil

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12
Q

aerial site prep

A

herbicides to kill undesired wood and herbaceous vegetation
- often prescribed fires are used after chemicals to physically rid the area of unwanted vegetation
- public doesn’t like chemicals

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13
Q

forests regeneration

A

natural/artificial
seeds/seedlings/coppice

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14
Q

reforestation

A

establishing a new forest on an area of land that has recently supported a mature forest

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15
Q

afforestation

A

establishing a new forest from a self-sown seed, coppice shoots, or root suckers
- shelterwood and seed tree harvest can be used to promote the development of self sown seed

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16
Q

coppice shoots

A

new growth arising from dormant/adventitious
- mainly for regen of deciduous trees

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17
Q

artificial regen

A

seeding, seedling, rooted cutting

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18
Q

seed (artificial regen)

A

often performed aerially with planes/helicopters
lots of seeds dropped to account for loss
25,000/acre

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19
Q

seedlings (artificial regen)

A

very young trees, 1-2 yr, grown in nursery, some grown in individual containers to make transition easier

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20
Q

cuttings (artificial regen)

A

a shoot from a hedge/tree that is planted in the soil to allow the development of roots

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21
Q

tree breeding (artificial regen)

A

hybrid and modified varieties of various trees have been bred to allow better growth and harvest options
- Eucalyptus

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22
Q

planting density (artificial regen)

A

density and plants can influence the way a tree grows
- more trees together may cause a tree to grow straighter up and produce less knots and allow natural pruning of lower branches

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23
Q

planting (artificial regen)

A

by hand or by machine, often harvest considerations, are taken into account as well

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24
Q

shelterbelt

A

an afforested plantation composed of trees planted to shelter farmland and agriculture crops from the effects of wind, potentially reduce soil erosion, or serve as a source of fuelwood/income

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25
Q

early tending

A

controlling of the understory of vegetative condition (smaller trees, plants, shrubs, etc.)

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26
Q

release activities

A

freeing desired young free species from overstory competition

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27
Q

weeding

A

frees trees from undesirable competition and is usually preformed early in life

28
Q

animal deterrent

A

animals may browse on newly planted trees and therefore need to be eliminated

29
Q

thinning

A

remove trees of the desirable tree species using practices similar to those in weeding operations

30
Q

pruning

A

lower branches of tree are removed

31
Q

commercial thinning

A

individual trees are selected to promote the quality and growth of trees that remain

32
Q

selective thinning

A

removes inferior trees

33
Q

selection thinning

A

removal of superior trees

34
Q

high thinning

A

trees from dominant tree classes are removed

35
Q

low thinning

A

inferior trees are removed

36
Q

thinning proportional to diameter distribution

A

equal amount of trees are removed from all diameter size classes

37
Q

raw thinning with selection

A

every X number of rows are completely removed

38
Q

fertilization

A

after a seedling is planted, after thinning

39
Q

final harvest (clear cut)

A

removal of virtually all of the trees in an area

40
Q

group selection harvest

A

removal of small patches at a time, benefits aesthetics and wildlife

41
Q

seed tree

A

tree left standing and alive on purpose during final harvest as a source of seed for natural regeneration

42
Q

partial harvest of selection harvest

A

retain a canopy of trees of various ages over time

43
Q

salvage harvest

A

removal of dead/dying trees from a forest

44
Q

sanitation harvest

A

removal of trees with the intent of improving the overall health of the forest

45
Q

forest fuel load

A

the live and dead fuels across a landscape

46
Q

ground fuels

A

located below the soil surface or with in the organic layer and include the duff, etc

47
Q

surface fuels

A

forest litters, lying on surface

48
Q

ladder fuels

A

live and dead branches that provide a path for fires to reach the crowns of trees

49
Q

lag-time class

A

how long before it is considered combustible
-1 hr includes needles, leaf litter, grasses, small twigs

50
Q

fuel reduction

A

prescribed fire, mechanical herbicide, livestock

51
Q

biomass harvesting

A

harvesting live and dead “slash” from other forestry practices

52
Q

agroforestry

A

a sustainable management system for land that includes production, combines agriculture with crops

53
Q

silvopastoral systems

A

tree growing + livestock

54
Q

alley cropping

A

trees + crops alternating rows

55
Q

windbreaks

A

trees in rows to protects crops and livestock

56
Q

peavy

A

pry and roll logs

57
Q

cant hook

A

like a peavy, point on the end

58
Q

cant

A

log that is squared on two or more sides

59
Q

felling

A

the process of cutting down a standing tree

60
Q

limbing

A

removal of all limbs

61
Q

bucking

A

segmenting the limbed tree bole into logs of various lengths

62
Q

felling-bunchers

A

felling heads with shears/disk saws

63
Q

harvester

A

has a chainsaw attached to the felling head to speed up harvesting

64
Q

landing area/deck

A

place where logs are transported after they are felled

65
Q

secondary transportation

A

moving wood from a landing deck to a processing facility/wood yard

66
Q

forest roads/wood roads

A

natural surface or can be designed and developed with layers of rock/agreggate to provide stability to trucks and machines that use them

67
Q

safety

A

OSHA has established rules for forestry workers and road regulations b/c many lands are public and are used for recreation

forestry (4 decks)

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