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Animal Physiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of circulatory systems

A

open and closed

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2
Q

limitation of an open circulatory system

A

size of the animal

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3
Q

do open circulatory systems have blood?

A

no- have hemolymph

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4
Q

arteries carry blood ____ from the heart

A

away

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5
Q

veins carry blood ____ the heart

A

to

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6
Q

con of a closed circulatory system

A

metabolically expensive and under pressure so susceptible to hemorrhage

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7
Q

a two chambered heart (like in fish) have how many circuits?

A

one
- atria to ventricle

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8
Q

a three chambered heart has how many circuits? what is a limitation?

A

2 (2atria and 1 ventricle)
- deoxy and oxy blood mix

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9
Q

what kind of circulatory system do we as humans have

A

4 chambered (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

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10
Q

the heart is enveloped by what structure

A

pericardial sac

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11
Q

the ______ receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

right atrium

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12
Q

what structures dump blood into the right atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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13
Q

the _______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

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14
Q

what structure dumps blood into the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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15
Q

the _____ ventricle receives blood from the right atrium

A

right

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16
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood into what structure

A

pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood into the _______

A

aorta

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18
Q

are ventricles or atria thicker

A

ventricles- need to pump blood out of the heart
(LV is strongest)

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19
Q

the aortic semilunar valve prevents what

A

gravity from pulling blood back into the left ventricle

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20
Q

tricuspid valve between _____ and _________

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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21
Q

blood gets pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary trunk for

A

oxygenation

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22
Q

the cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat that includes

A

1 contraction and relax

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23
Q

systole=
diastole=

A

contraction
relaxation

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24
Q

in diastole, what happens

A

heart is relaxed and blood enters the atria

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25
Q

atrial systole is when

A

atria contract and move blood to ventricles

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26
Q

what causes the chambers of the heart to contract and valves to close?

A

action potentials resulting in pressure changes

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27
Q

junctions between cells in the heart muscle are called

A

intercalated discs

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28
Q

what prevents cells from separating during contraction

A

desmosomes

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29
Q

what allows ions to pass freely from cell to cell and electrically couples adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

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30
Q

what kind of heart is innervated but continues to beat even without NS

A

myogenic

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31
Q

the human heart depolarizes and contracts _______ nervous system stimulation

A

without

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32
Q

what kind of cells rhythmically spontaneously depolarize in the heart

A

noncontractile (autorhythmic)

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33
Q

The ____ sets the pace of the heart, why?

A

SA node
fastest rhythym

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34
Q

atria contract in unison because of

A

gap junctions

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35
Q

autorhythmic cells have __ channels that allow Na+ channels to open at what rate

A

leaky
slow

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36
Q

the depolarization stage in cardiac muscle contraction is due to influx of what, at what rate

A

Na+, fast (huge influx)

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37
Q

the plateau phase of cardiac muscle contraction occurs after depolarization when there is _____ influx of ________

A

slow influx of Ca2+ channels

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38
Q

the impulse of action potentials is delayed at ______ , because ________

A

AV node, ventricles need to contract at different time than atria

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39
Q

baroreceptors detect

A

change sin BP

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40
Q

what released from medulla increases SA node firing rate

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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41
Q

the sympathetic nervous system _____ rate of SA node
- what does this lead to

A

increases
- enhances force and speed of ventricular contraction

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42
Q

the vagus nerve _____ heart rate
- part of what center

A

decreases
- cardioinhibitory

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43
Q

what are the three important sources of resistance in blood

A
  1. blood viscosity (more RBC)
  2. total blood vessel length (more length=more resistance)
  3. blood vessel diameter (larger diameter-less resistance)
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44
Q

pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

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45
Q

what is the control center for extrinsic control of heart contractions

A

medulla

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46
Q

if blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors _______, which means ____ AP going from heart to medulla

A

stimulate less
less

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47
Q

the sympathetic NS is turned on by medulla to _____ BP
- the sympathetic nerves that innervate the ventricular walls do what
- the sympathetic nerves that innervate the blood vessels do what
- the sympathetic nerves in adrenal gland release _________ to increase heart rate

A

-increase
-stronger force contractions
-constrict vessels to increase BP
- epinephrine and NE

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48
Q

materials are exchanged in
- why

A

capillaries
- very thin walls

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49
Q

what creates the sounds we hear in the heart

A

valves closing
-1st lub: AV valve closing
-2nd dub: semilunar valve closing

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50
Q

A panda is drifting to sleep. One effect this has on the body is that there are increased signals sent along the vagus nerve. What will these signals directly lead to?
1. decreased SA node firing
2. decreased force of ventricular contraction
3. vasoconstriction
4. Release of epi and NE from adrenal gland

a. 1 and 2
b. only 1
c. 1, 2 and 4

A

only 1

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51
Q

adequate diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs, which are

A
  1. fuel for cellular work
  2. organic materials for biosynthesis
  3. essential nutrients such as vitamins that animal cannot make for itself
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52
Q

______ are indigestible carbohydrates

A

Fibers

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53
Q

what are carbohydrates that humans can digest

A

sugar and starch

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54
Q

______ is needed by all body cells for energy

A

glucose

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55
Q

glucose comes from

A

carbs

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56
Q

proteins are made up of

A

amino acids

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57
Q

animals need a balance of the __ amino acids

A

20

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58
Q

_____ amino acids can be made by the body

______ amino acids cannot be made by the body and most be gotten from diet

A

nonessential
essential

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59
Q

lipids are ___ oils, and waxes

A

fats

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60
Q

many lipids are made up of _______ and ________

A

fatty acids
glycerol

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61
Q

lipids are the most energy dense, T or F

A

T

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62
Q

are lipids water soluble or non-water soluble

A

non water soluble (hydrophobic)

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63
Q

minerals are important for what
examples:

A

enzyme functioning
Na, K, Zn, Ca

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64
Q

animals with one way digestion have an advantage in that

A

can eat at any time (do not need to wait to poop to eat more)

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65
Q

which nervous system turns on the digestive system

A

parasympathetic (enteric)

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66
Q

two types of movement in the gut:
1.
2.

A

peristalsis
segmentation

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67
Q

which gut movement refers to mechanically mixing food and digesting it

A

segmentation

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68
Q

which gut movement refers to moving food through the GI tract

A

peristalsis

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69
Q

can an animal absorb molecules for which they do not have the enzyme to digest

A

no

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70
Q

the gut microbiome is an example of a __________ relationship, that does what

A

endosymbiotic
helps break down and synthesize molecules we cannot

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71
Q

order of the GI tract

A

headgut
foregut
midgut
hindgut

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72
Q

the hindgut is the _____ intestine

A

large

73
Q

the headgut includes the _____ to ______

A

mouth to pharynx

74
Q

what is the tongues function in digestion

A

helps bring food under the teeth to chew
(somatic-skeletal muscle)

75
Q

what enzyme breaks down carbs in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

76
Q

we have a monogastric stomach, meaning

A

simple (one way in and goes out the other)

77
Q

peristalsis is stimulated by

A

parasympathetic NS (enteric)

78
Q

what do the sphincters in the stomach do

A

trap door that is mechanically receptored to prevent stomach acid from going into esophagus or small intestine

79
Q

what do rugae do in stomach

A

increase SA to expand the stomach for more food consumption and make more gastric juice

80
Q

what is gastric juice made of

A

pepsin + HCl + mucus

81
Q

pepsin is proteolytic, meaning

A

breaks down proteins

82
Q

HCl’s role in digestion is

A

turn inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin

83
Q

what stimulates gastric juice release

A

when stretching of the stomach when food goes in occurs, gastrin is released (stimulates more gastric juice release)

84
Q

gastrin is a

A

hormone
(positive feedback)

85
Q

what kind of cells in gastric pit release HCl

A

parietal cells

86
Q

what kind of cell in gastric pit release pepsinogen

A

chief cells

87
Q

gastrin stimulates what 2 kinds of cells in the gastric pits

A

chief and parietal

88
Q

Delta cells in gastric pit is released when
-bc

A

no digestion occurs
- bc it inhibits acid secretion (HCl)

89
Q

why can we not digest cellulose

A

plants have a cell wall (made of cellulose) and we do not have the enzyme to digest it (cellulase)

90
Q

cows are _________, meaning they have a 4 chambered stomach to help digest cellulose

A

ruminants

91
Q

why do cows constantly chew

A

regurgitate and chew on cud to further break down fibers to help microbial life digest the cellulose

92
Q

where is bile produced? stored?

A

produced in liver
stored in gallbladder

93
Q

what is the function of bile

A

emulsify fat into small droplets to not come and make a big ball
- decrease attraction to each other

94
Q

what stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in small intestine

A

secretin

95
Q

secretin is released to do what

A

stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in small intestine

96
Q

bicarbonate symbol

A

HCO3-

97
Q

fat digestion ends with what

A

the fat is to large to go into blood stream, so first goes into the lymphatic capillary 1st

98
Q

During absorption in digestion
a. glucose is absorbed through
b. amino acids are absorbed through
c. lipase (fats) are absorbed through

A

a and b= blood capillary
c= lymphatic capillary

99
Q

how exactly is the mechanism where glucose is absorbed through the intestines

A

Na/K pump keeps Na low in the cell so that Na/glucose transporter can move glucose up its concentration gradient w GLUT-2 transport protein

100
Q

digestion of fat in the bile is from the enzyme called
- which then form

A

lipase
micelles

101
Q

major function of the colon (large intestine)

A

recover water that has entered the canal ( becomes more solid through this tract)

102
Q

control center for hunger is located where

A

hypothalumus

103
Q

what is the only appetite stimulant

A

ghrelin

104
Q

what is an appetite suppressant

A

leptin

105
Q

Having more fat in the body means having
- higher or lower Leptin

A

higher

106
Q

Having more fat in the body means having
- higher or lower ghrelin

A

lower

107
Q

leptin is secreted by ____ cells

A

adipose (fat)

108
Q

is it more important to gain or loose weight

A

gain

109
Q

osmoconformer

A

maintain an internal environment which is isotonic to their external environment

110
Q

osmoregulators

A

maintain osmolarity differently in internal vs. external environment

111
Q

water goes from an area of

A

high to low water
(low to high osmolarity)

112
Q

how do osmoregulators make sure their fluids stay within a narrow range

A

kidney

113
Q

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

A

ureters

114
Q

transports urine out of the body

A

urethra

115
Q

where are nephrons located in the kidney

A

renal cortex

116
Q

urine composition changes based on what

A

the blood needs to get rid of

117
Q

what does dilute urine mean

A

the body is hydrated and doesn’t need to retain the water

118
Q

water in urine consists of 2 parts which are

A
  1. obligatory amount of water to leave body with solutes
  2. additional depending on hydration levels
119
Q

this waste in urine is from amino acid breakdown

A

urea

120
Q

kidenys function with a ____ mechanism
a. countercurrent
b. isocurrent

A

a. countercurrent

121
Q

the loop of Henle has two parts which are

A

descending limb and ascending limb

122
Q

what structure of the kidney is blood actually filtered in

A

nephron

123
Q

3 main events in urine formation
- which one is always first

A
  1. glomerular filtration (always first)
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
124
Q

blood cells do not go through the walls of glomerular capsule because

A

it is fenestrated: tiny holes (pores)
- allows stuff to be exchanged but not big enough for blood to go through

125
Q

glomerular filtration is a _______ process
a. active
b. passive

A

b. passive

126
Q

what CAN pass through capillary walls during glomerular filtration

A

glucose, ions, and amino acids

127
Q

what CANNOT pass through capillary walls during glomerular filtration

A

proteins (WBC, RBC)

128
Q

after the glomerular filtration in the bowman’s capsule, where does filtrate go next

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

129
Q

all nephrons have a ___ blood supply

A

rich

130
Q

in the PCT, the aquaporins are _______ open

A

always

131
Q

two routes of tubular reabsorption, they are

A

paracellular
transcellular

132
Q

what is transcellular tubular reabsorption

A

item passes across the cell

133
Q

what is paracellular tubular reabsorption

A

solutes can pass between the adjacent cells because of leakiness

134
Q

Na+ uptake in the PCT is driven by what

A

gradient established by the Na+/K+ pump

135
Q

glucose uptake in the PCT is driven by

A

secondary active transport
(Na/Glucose symporter)

136
Q

if there is too much glucose filtered, what happens

A

to a certain point there are not enough proteins for uptake, so you excrete it

137
Q

after the PCT, where does filtrate go next

A

loop of Henle

138
Q

what does the loop of Henle provide the capacity for
- why is it important

A

to make hyperosmotic urine (concentrated)
- to conserve water in bodies if live on land

139
Q

the descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to

A

only water

140
Q

the ascending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to

A

ions

141
Q

the _______ limbs ions draw water out of the ________ limb

A

ascending, descending

142
Q

the ascending limb is able to influence the descending limbs contents because

A

they share an interstitial fluid

143
Q

in the loop of Henle, where does the filtrate concentration reach its highest

A

at the bend of the loop (bottom)

144
Q

filtrate is at its mots dilute in the loop of Henle when

A

it leaves the nephron loop

145
Q

when Na+ is moved out of loop of Henle in ascending loop, is it active or passive transport

A

active

146
Q

which vein (blood supply) runs alongside the loop of Henle?
- in what direction

A

vasa recta
- countercurrent (opposite)

147
Q

the _________ reclaims the water that leaves the loop of Henle

A

vasa recta blood

148
Q

a longer loop of Henle means ____ concentration gradient

A

greater
- can make more concentrated urine

149
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

increases the Na+ absorbed back to the blood, which means more water follows (back into the body from filtrate)

150
Q

what senses the Na content of the filtrate

A

chemoreceptors in macula densa

151
Q

what senses the BP in afferent ateriole

A

granular cells

152
Q

what is the main mechanism for raising BP

A

RAAS
- renin, angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

153
Q

how is the RAAS pathway for raising BP activated

A

macula densa cells chemoreceptors sense when filtrate Na+ is too low (meaning not a lot of water–> meaning low volume–>low pressure)

154
Q

____ is an enzyme released by the kidney to facilitate the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

A

Renin

155
Q

What factors stimulate renin secretion

A
  1. decreased BP
  2. decreased Na+ delivery to macula densa
  3. increased sympathetic NS signals
156
Q

angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by

A

ACE

157
Q

when angiotensin II is made by ACE, what are some effects it creates

A
  1. stimulates released of ADH from posterior pituitary
  2. hypothalumus signals more thirst
  3. adrenal cortex is signaled to secrete more aldosterone
158
Q

renin is released by the ________ cells in the kidney

A

granular

159
Q

ADH is released by the ________

A

posterior pituitary gland

160
Q

ADH is released when an _____ in blood osmolarity or a _________ in blood volume is detected

A

increase
decrease

161
Q

what effect does ADH have

A

causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins into apical membrane

162
Q

ADH causes ____ cells to insert more ____ into collecting duct
- what is the result

A

principal
aquaporins
- more water reabsorption into the body

163
Q

as ADH levels __________, water reabsorption increases

A

increase

164
Q

frequent urination and excessive thirst are symptoms of

A

lack of ADH or no response to ADH

165
Q

why does ADH make your urine more concentrated

A

ADH allows body to reabsorb more water, so urine comes out with less water

166
Q

ADH activity is ____ of Na+

A

independent

167
Q

what is the main job of the loop of Henle

A

establish a medullary gradient that influences water reabsorption

168
Q

what is the main function of the juxtaglomerular complex

A

maintain BP

169
Q

how is BP increased

A

increase Na reabsorption, increased water reabsorption

170
Q

dehydration leads to ____ ADH secretion

A

increased

171
Q

Which cells in the ascending limb have chemoreceptors that sense Na content in the filtrate

A

Mácula densa

172
Q

The mácula densa is located where

A

Ascending limb
(Detects Na levels)

173
Q

Granular cells are sensitive to what

A

Stretch by BP in aferentes arteriole

174
Q

What increases active transport of Na out of cell to filtrate when blood volume is low

A

Aldosterone

175
Q

Three pathways to renin release by granular cells

A
  1. Direct stimulation of granular cells by sympathetic NS
  2. Activated mácula densa cells when filtrate Na is low (chemoreceptors)
  3. Reduced stretch of granular cells (so need to increase BP to increase stretch)
176
Q

What is the main mechanism to increasing BP

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

177
Q

What makes angiotensinohen into angiotensin 1

A

Renin

178
Q

What makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

A

ACE

179
Q

Which is the correct order
a. Angiotensin 2–angiotensinogen—angiotensin 1
b. Angiotensinogen—angiotensin 1– angiotensin 2

A

B

Animal Physiology (4 decks)

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