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Animal Physiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does an unsaturated phospholipid tail mean?

A

it has double bonds, so it is more fluid

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2
Q

greater proportion of unsaturated fats means

A

more fluidity

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3
Q

phospholipids are
a. amphipathic
b. hydrophilic
c. hydrophobic

A

a. amphipathic

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4
Q

phospholipids have ______ heads and __________ tails

A

polar, nonpolar

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5
Q

is polar hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

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6
Q

why is a high surface area important in cells

A

taking in more nutrients

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7
Q

surface area increases as the ____ of cell radius

A

square

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8
Q

why are larger animals metabolism slower than smaller animals

A

the chemical rxns produce heat as a byproduct, an elephants SA:V ration is smaller, so heat would not be able to release the heat

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9
Q

there is a higher SA where

A

in organs where we take things into the body and where we released things (ex: intestines)

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10
Q

cold temps make phospholipids
a. stiffer
b. softer
c. fluid

A

a. stiffer

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11
Q

what is metabolism

A

sum of all rxns in your body

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12
Q

what is catabolism

A

big compounds broken down into smaller molecules and release energy

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13
Q

what is anabolism

A

making larger molecules from small and using energy

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14
Q

what are substrates

A

initial reactants of the rxn

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15
Q

ATP breaks down into ADP and ________

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

every rxn requires an initial input of ___________

A

energy

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17
Q

what is activation energy

A

energy that must be added to start a rxn

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18
Q

which is false about enzymes?
a. they speed up rxns
b. they do not get consumed in a rxn
c. they make activation energy higher
d. enzymes are specific
e. enzymes do not have an active site
f. a and c
g. b and d
h. c and e

A

h. c and e

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19
Q

why are enzymes specific

A

bc it has a specific shape to bind substrate to the active site

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20
Q

how do enzymes saturate

A

add more substrate

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21
Q

if an enzyme changes shape in any way the substrate can/cannot bind

A

cannot

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22
Q

enzymes present in high levels regardless of conditions

A

constituitive (always)

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23
Q

what are some factors that can modify enzymatic rxns

A
  1. temp: faster in high temps
  2. pH:extreme pH causes denaturing
  3. cofactors: help go faster
  4. competitive/noncompetitive inhibition
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24
Q

what is competitive inhibition

A

interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind

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25
Q

what is noncompetitive inhibition

A

changes shape of the enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate

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26
Q

what is feedback inhibition

A

when the product of a pathway acts as an inhibitor of the pathway to prevent too much buildup of a product

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27
Q

transport that does not require energy and takes things down their concentration gradient

A

passive transport

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28
Q

transport that does require energy and takes things against their concentration gradient

A

active transport

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29
Q

which are easily diffused through cell membrane
a. ions
b. large, uncharged molecules
c. small, nonpolar molecules
d. small, polar molecules

A

c. small, nonpolar molecules

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30
Q

once equilibrium is met, molecules will continue to move at random, but the # of molecules moving in both directions will be _______

A

equal

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31
Q

what is respiration dependent on

A

gas exchange via diffusion

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32
Q

osmotic pressure is

A

pressure needed for a pure solvent to not pass into another solution

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33
Q

water always moves from ___ osmotic pressure to ____ osmotic pressure

A

lower, higher

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34
Q

what is hypertonic

A

there is a higher concentration of surrounding solution than the cytoplasm
*** shrinks

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35
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

molecules (large, polar, charged) need to pass through selective protein pores- transport proteins

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36
Q

what does the nernst equation tell us

A

the electrical potential for a single ion to prevent it from having any net movement across the cell membrane

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37
Q

Na+ naturally wants to go in or out of the cell

A

into

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38
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase transports __ Na ___ and __ K __

A

3 Na out and 2 K in

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39
Q

Nociceptors detect

A

pain

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40
Q

which 2 organ systems facilitate communication?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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41
Q

Na/K-ATP-ase pumps Enable Na+ and K+ to move from an area of __concentration to an area of ____concentration

A

low, high

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42
Q

It is ideal to have organisms made up of trillions of small cells compared to few large cells as having a high surface area to volume ratio helps ensure that the surface area is large enough to meet the demands of the volume within the cell and that reactions that occur there.
t/f

A

true

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43
Q

All of the following are true in regards to ATP except:
a. ATP is needed for the transfer of solutes through the cell membrane with the help of pumps
b. When ATP phosphorylates, the sodium potassium pump releases 2 sodium ions
into the cell
c. ATP is composed of adenine (a nucleotide) and 3 phosphate groups connected to
each other in sequence
d. ATP is not needed for passive transport due to the semi-permeable membrane
allowing small, nonpolar molecules to pass freely down their gradient

A

b. When ATP phosphorylates, the sodium potassium pump releases 2 sodium ions
into the cell

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44
Q

Match the knerst value to each corresponding ion
a) -88 mV i. Na+
b) -61 mV ii. K+
c) +60 mV iii.Cl

A

a) ii
b) iii
c) i

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45
Q

Snakes use venom for two main reasons, for protection, and to kill their prey. In class we learned how the venom disrupts blood pressure regulation and makes blood coagulate by interfering with the active site of the enzyme so the substrate can’t bind. Snake venom is an example of a
a) Cofactor
b) Noncompetitive inhibitor
c) Competitive inhibitor
d) Coenzyme

A

c) Competitive inhibitor

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46
Q

nervous system
-fast or slow?
- targeted or widespread?
-sustained or short lived?

A

fast
targeted
short lived

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47
Q

at the ________ level, animal nervous systems are very similar

A

cellular

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48
Q

what is a downside of behavioral complexity

A

metabolic cost

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49
Q

what are characteristics of more complex nervous systems

A
  1. centralized
  2. cephalized
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50
Q

the CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal chord

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51
Q

neuroglial cells (2)
a. are electrically excitable
b. make myelin
c. maintain health of the nervous system
d. large cells
e. small cells

A

c. maintain health of the nervous system
e. small cells

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52
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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53
Q

what is the difference between Schwann and Oligodendrocytes

A

schwann makes myelin in PNS and oligo makes myelin in CNS

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54
Q

what are astrocytes

A

extra layer of protection- wraps around capillaries (blood brain barrier)

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55
Q

which part of the cell decides if the voltage is high enough to fire the action potential?
a. myelin sheath
b. dendrites
c. axon hillock

A

c. axon hillock

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56
Q

where are neurotransmitters released from

A

axon terminal

57
Q

axon moves substances manufactured in the cell body to end of the axon

A

anterograde

58
Q

axon moves substances from end of axon to cell body

A

retrograde

59
Q

What would happen to the rate of diffusion if the area for gas exchange were to be increased?
a. The rate of diffusion would decrease
b. The rate of diffusion would stay the same
c. The rate of diffusion would increase
d. There is not enough information to answer this question

A

c. The rate of diffusion would increase

60
Q

myelin is a fat
T/F

A

T

61
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

bare areas with no myelin along axon

62
Q

at rest, the inside of the cell is
a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral

A

b. negative

63
Q

what is the electrical potential due to

A
  1. differences in concentration of ions bw intra and extra cellular fluid
  2. selective permeability of ions across the plasma membrane
64
Q

the cell membrane has ____ permeability to Na+, and ___ permeability to K+

A

low, high

65
Q

is the inside of the cell higher or lower in K

A

higher K+, lower Na+

66
Q

The white matter of the brain consists of _______ axons created by _______.
a. Unmyelinated; oligodendrocytes
b. Myelinated; Schwann cells
c. Unmyelinated; Schwann cells
d. Myelinated; oligodendrocytes

A

d. Myelinated; oligodendrocytes

67
Q

T/F Both neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon terminal.
a. True
b. False

A

b. false

68
Q

does an action potential fizzle out as goes down the axon

A

no

69
Q

What is NOT a feature of an animal’s nervous system as it gets more complex?
a. Higher metabolic needs
b. Centralization
c. Longer neurons
d. Cephalization

A

c. Longer neurons

70
Q

what does the incoming stimulus when about to start an action potential bind to and where

A

ligand gated ion channel on dendrites

71
Q

what happens at threshold in an action potential

A

reaches -55mV and opens the voltage gated ion channels (Na+)

72
Q

what is depolarization

A

voltage gets more positive with influx of Na+

73
Q

which is false about an absolute refractory period?
a. a second action potential can be initiated, it is just harder to
b. a second action potential cannot be initiated
c. Na+ voltage channels are in an inactive state
d. it goes from repolarization until reaches threshold again

A

a. a second action potential can be initiated, it is just harder to

74
Q

why do Na+ voltage gated channels deactivate

A

prevents a reverse propagation of the action potential

75
Q

the action potential travels down the axon by ______________

A

saltatory conduction

76
Q

myelination prevents what during an action potential

A

ions from leaking out through the membrane

77
Q

action potentials are regenerated at the next ____________

A

node of ranvier

78
Q

what happens in repolarization

A

K+ voltage gated ion channels open, making the potential go back to negative

79
Q

more myelin means

A

faster conduction of action potentials

80
Q

what does a bigger diameter of axons lead to

A

faster action potentials bc less resistance to flow of ions

81
Q

where are neuropeptides made

A

in the cell body and then gets transported to axon terminal ends

82
Q

where are ligand gated ion channels located

A

dendrites

83
Q

once the AP gets to axon terminal, what happens

A

stimulates Ca2+ channels

84
Q

what happens when Ca2+ channels open

A

Ca2+ ions membranes and vesicle membranes fuse to form holes where neurotransmitters leave

85
Q

what is the solubility of neurotransmitters

A

polar= bind to outside of the cell

86
Q

does the binding of a neurotransmitter always result in depolarization?

A

no

87
Q

what is the presynaptic cell

A

the one that releases the neurotransmitters

88
Q

Neurotransmitters act at receptors to open ion channels to depolarize or

A

hyperpolarize

89
Q

when neurotransmitters act at receptors to hyperpolarize, what is it called

A

IPSP- inhibitory post synaptic potential

90
Q

what happens in an IPSP

A

influx of Cl- molecules (instead of Na+) to make AP less likely to fire

91
Q

which is false about what the synaptic action of small molecule neurotransmitters is halted by
a. enzymatic destruction
b. reuptake
c. acetylcholine
d. diffusion out of synapse and clean up by astrocytes

A

c. acetylcholine

92
Q

how do local anesthetics work

A

block intracellular portion of Na+ voltage gated channels so no action potential
** no pain signals to brain

93
Q

what is the afferent division of the PNS

A

info from this enters the CNS (sensory stimuli)

94
Q

what 2 divisions does the PNS have

A

afferent and efferent

95
Q

what does the efferent division of the PNS do

A

acts on the signal from CNS

96
Q

what are the two systems under efferent divisiom

A

somatic and autonomic

97
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

acts on motor neurons to control skeletal muscles

98
Q

what two subdivisions does the autonomic nervous system contain

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

99
Q

the parasympathetic system
a. rest and digest
b. fight or flight

A

a. rest and digest

100
Q

the sympathetic system
a. rest and digest
b. fight or flight

A

b. fight or flight

101
Q

what are some common sympathetic system responses

A

dilate pupils, increase heartbeat, inhibit stomach activity

102
Q

what are some common parasympathetic system responses

A

constrict pupils, stimulate saliva, stimulate intestine and stomach, slow heartbeat, constrict airways

103
Q

what does it mean to say brain function is somewhat localized

A

it is in a specialized region (one area to process info bc more efficient)

104
Q

what does it mean to say that brains have maps

A

more we use something the more neurons it has, more sensitive parts are more used

105
Q

what does it mean to say brain size matters

A

more surface area

106
Q

what does it mean to say there are repeated expansions of the forebrain

A

the basic life sustaining functions of the brain are lower and there is more personality, cognition, etc

107
Q

what is neuralplasticity

A

neurons can sprout new connections (new highway system)

108
Q

what is the junction between 2 neurons called

A

synapse

109
Q

what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS called

A

ganglion

110
Q

what is the part of the neuron cell body that lies within the CNS

A

preganglionic neuron

111
Q

the axon of the ganglionic neuron extends to visceral organs

A

postganglionic

112
Q

the preganglionic axon synapses with the 2nd motor neuron, the ____________

A

postganglionic neuron

113
Q

what regions is the sympathetic system from

A

thoracolumbar- mid back and lower back

114
Q

what regions is the parasympathetic system from

A

sacral (genitals) and cranial (brain)

115
Q

sympathetic release what neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

116
Q

parasympathetic release what neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

117
Q

__________ fibers release the neurotransmitter ACh
a. cholinergic
b. adrenergic

A

a. cholinergic

118
Q

______ fibers release the neurotransmitter NE- norepinephrine
a. cholinergic
b. adrenergic

A

b. adrenergic

119
Q

the sympathetic pathway has ____ preganglia and ____ postganglia
a. long, long,
b. short, long
c. long, short

A

b. short, long

120
Q

in the parasympathetic pathway has ____ preganglia and ____ postganglia
a. long, long,
b. short, long
c. long, short

A

c. long, short

121
Q

all parasympathetic postganglionic axons release
a. ACh
b. NE

A

a. ACh

122
Q

the somatic nervous system has
a. pre and post ganglia
b. one long neuron

A

b. one long neuron

123
Q

In our small intestine exists a Na+/glucose cotransporter. This transporter could be classified as
a. Primary active transporter & symporter
b. Secondary active transporter & symporter
c. Passive transporter & antiporter
d. Passive transporter & symporter

A

b. Secondary active transporter & symporter

124
Q

two types of cholinergic (ACh) receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

125
Q

Neurotransmitter released in the sympathetic pathway in
a. pre ganglia
b. post ganglia

A

a. ACh
b. NE

126
Q

Neurotransmitter released in the parasympathetic pathway in
a. pre ganglia
b. post ganglia

A

a. ACh
b. ACh

127
Q

in the somatic system, what is the neurotransmitter used

A

ACh (nicotinic)

128
Q

in the autonomic system, what is the neurotransmitter used

A

ACh and NE

129
Q

in the autonomic system, ACh is used ALWAYS where

A

at ganglion

130
Q

nicotinic receptors are used in all _____________ ganglia

A

autonomic

131
Q

muscarinic receptors are used at

A

all parasympathetic EFFECTORS (last step)

132
Q

where are adrenergic (NE) receptors found

A

Found in effectors of the
sympathetic NS

133
Q

what are the 2 types of adrenergic (NE) receptors

A

alpha and beta 1&2

134
Q

B1 beta blockers affect

A

the heart

135
Q

B2 beta blockers affect

A

the lungs

136
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors affect

A

smooth muscle contraction

137
Q

Nicotinc (ach) receptors are present where

A

Skeletal muscle long neuron and ALL autonomic ganglia

138
Q

All ACh receptors in ganglia are nicotinic except

A

Parasympathetic effectors

139
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration than cytoplasm ** bigger

Animal Physiology (4 decks)

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