Unit 3 Flashcards
the open field system
common land outside of small villages is shared and farming is a communal effort-this helps subsistence farmers but is inefficient in term of overall production
the enclosure act
Laws passed by Parliament “closing off” common lands to small farmers, Large landowners and wealthy people benefit most from this
effects of the agricultural revolution
Increase in life expectancy-Increased population
Decrease in farming jobs available-diets are more varied and more healthy-People move to cities in search of work
Decline in famine(hunger)
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. Produced all of Britain domestically made textiles before the Industrial Revolution
domestic systems advantages
humanitarian in nature- people can work at home in a decent environment-set their own hours and take breaks when necessary and watch children while working
domestic systems disadvantages
economic in nature-the process is both slow and inefficient. The Domestic System had outlived its usefulness by the late 1700’s
domestic system developments
the new inventions of the 1700’s could not fit in cottages and were too expensive for peasants to buy them so large buildings located away from cottage homes were made to accommodate the large machines
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
the creation of new factories, coal mines, and ship building ports-unforeseen changes in other industries, in society, economics, politics, and culture
sweatshops
nickname given many textile factories due to the intense heat and the intense work conditions for laborers
Child Labor Conditions
small hands and bodies fit into small spaces-children as young as 5 or 6 labored full 12 hour days-children could be permanently disfigured from the experience
Factory System
12-14 hour shifts, 6 days a week with limited breaks-everything governed by the clock and not by natural rhythms-no disability, no sick days, repetitive work-dehumanizing
Second Industrial Revolution
different from the First Industrial Revolution that focused on textiles The Second Industrial Revolution focused on three new industries. They were coal mines, steel mills, and railroads
The Bessemer Process
A cheap and efficient process for making a steel that was stronger and more flexible than iron
Development of Labor Unions
long history going back to the guilds of the middle ages-workers of the late 1700’s began to collectively bargain for better wages and working conditions
Reform Acts
Series of laws expanding the British electoral franchise (right to vote) to 21 year old workers
Labour Party
British political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to provide political representation of the interests of the working class
Factory Act of 1833
restricted the number of hours a child could work
Mines Act of 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten
Communist Manifesto
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided the basis of Marxism
Marx Theory
there are two classes of people in society, the haves (the bourgeoisie)and the have nots (the proletariat). The haves become rich off the labor of the have nots. There will be a world-wide revolution and the haves will be overthrown. People will be paid according to their need and not their ability. It calls for the absence of private property, everything is owned by the people collectively
Communism Reality
Communist societies are NOT classless- Communist governments are usually harsh & repressive- Communist governments own the Means of Production- Communist governments feature Command Economies
Command Economy
an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government
Means of Production
farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
Natural Selection
Darwin’’s theory holding that mutations in species occur fairly regularly and if the mutation allowed the species to better survive, then that genetic mutation was passed to offspring who were in turn better adapted to survival
Effects of Urbanization
urban center had amenities not available in rural areas- air pollution, increase in disease such as Cholera and Tuberculosis, rise of cheap, dangerous Tenement housing, weakening of traditional values in urban areas
pasteurization
A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food
Chartism
A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist aimed to gain political rights and influence for the working-class. (example-universal male suffrage)
blacklisting
union breaking tactic that had owners make and share a list of union leaders with the intent of making these people unemployable in the industry
the Domestic System
all of the Cottage Industry- they provided handmade textile which were sold to clothiers who made clothes. This system was functional until the late 1700’s
collective bargaining
negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees. (union)
The Rocket
An early locomotive that was an advance in Railroad technology as it could reach speeds of 29 hours per hour
Capitalist economy
Known as a Free Market economy, it has private citizens own the means of production and typically yields a large number of products and a wide variety of prices
tenements
urban housing the developed in major industrial cities, They were often built of wood, were disease ridden and had limited bathroom facilities and no running water
Urbanization
defined as the growth of cities, these areas encouraged the mixing of cultures and a weakening of traditional values, With centers that had many amenities not available in rural areas
