Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment Flashcards
Copernicus
He is the author of On the Celestial Spheres, he argued that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe
Isaac Newton
He explained universal gravitation and 3 laws of motion
Francis Bacon
He believed scientists should use inductive reasoning as they used the Scientific Method
John Locke
He described the government as a Social Contract between rulers and people, he believed all men were born equal with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, he also believed that if the government did not protect the natural rights of citizens the citizens had a duty to replace the government
Voltaire
He believed that man had the natural right to freedom of speech, press, and religion but he was against widespread democratic participation in government by the people as they are uneducated
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
His concept of a social contract had rulers following the general will of the people
Ptolemy
His theory had the Earth as the center of the universe, and the sun and stars revolved around it
The Scientific Revolution
A revolution of thought in science, math, and the nature of the universe
Hobbes
He felt that man was selfish and brutish so Absolute Monarchs used his writings to support their strong rule
Adam Smith
He was a supporter of laissez-faire, his ideas found in Wealth of Nations, formed the basis of Capitalism
Wollstonecraft
She was an early feminist that argued that it was hypocritical to not assign rights to women if all humans were born free and equal with natural rights
Declaration of the Rights of Man
An important document in the French Revolution that defined the rights of man as described by Voltaire and Locke
Montesquieu
He called for Government to function through a separation of powers that uses a checks and balance system
Salons
Gatherings in the homes of wealthy people when intellectuals discussed Enlightenment ideas
Path to progress
Philosophers of the Enlightenment believed that the use of reason would lead to progress
Harvey
He showed that the heart, not the liver, was the center for blood circulation
Vesalius
He is considered the Father of Human Anatomy
Secular
Non-religious, The enlightenment was primarily this type of movement
Diest
A person that affirms that God created the world and put the world in motion, but does not intercede in its function
Pare
This surgeon was the first to use ointments to prevent infections
Enlightened Despots/ Monarchs
Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
The American Revolution
The first revolution that stemmed from Enlightenment ideas
Declaration of Independence
It lifted ideas directly from Locke and Rousseau such the people’s right to rebel and their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Constitution of the United States
It reflected Montesquieu’s separation and balance of powers in government
United States Bill of Rights
It lifts ideas from Voltaire such as guarantees for individual rights and freedoms
The Enlightenment
An Era when philosophers looked for natural laws that governed society and politics
Natural law
A law that impacts everything on Earth regardless of circumstances
Roots of the Scientific Revolution
The questioning spirit of the Renaissance
Results of the Scientific Revolution
Europeans began to embrace new technology, Europeans had an increased desire to explore, and within a century Europeans began to industrialize
Ancient Greeks and Romans
They provided the bulk of Western Science before the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Method
Scientists start with a question, or hypothesis, test the hypothesis and draw a conclusion.
Kepler
He observed that planetary orbits were elliptical and that some force held planets in their orbit, but he was not able to calculate the force of gravity
Heliocentric
The sun is the center of the universe
Geocentric
Earth is at the center of the universe
Galileo
He disproved the Geocentric theory and also he observed spots on the sun, and mountains and craters on the Moon. His observations seemed to indicate that an object in motion tended to stay in motion unless slowed down by friction
Descartes
Considered the Father of Modern Philosophy. He also created analytical geometry and attempted to prove existence with his phrase “I think, therefore I am”
Leibniz and Newton controversy
mutual accusations of intellectual theft as both developed Calculus
Diderot
Best known for his work as the chief contributor and editor of the Encyclopedia
3 natural economic laws
Identified by Adam Smith. 1. Law of Supply and Demand 2. Law of Competition 3. Law of Self-Interest
Enlightenment Era(Rulers/system)
Absolute Monarchs ruled in Europe and the prevailing position was that rulers ruled by Divine Right. This system was generally viewed as appropriate as 90% of the population was made up of peasantry who had little or no education
social class system in Europe during the Enlightenment
The upper class (Lords, Dukes, etc) made up around 3 to 5% of the population and upper-class wealth was in the land they owned, often they had little cash. The middle class was educated wealthy merchants, doctors, and lawyers that did not support the social system as it was, they wanted access to upper-class status. The peasantry or small farmers made up around 80 to 90% of the population and were largely disaffected by the Enlightenment
religion in Europe during the Enlightenment
there were volatile attacks on religious minorities. There was no such thing as freedom of religion and no such thing as separation of Church and State. Monarchs often directed the religion of a country
Aristotle
Greek philosopher that claimed heavy objects fall faster than light ones
Promise of the Enlightenment
that progress would lead to a more enlightened society
3 main ideas of the Enlightenment
secular society, application of reason to solve problems, the ability of society to progress
Divine Right of Rulers
God granted their power and to question a Monarch was therefore questioning God
Law of self-interest
businesses were created to make a profit for their owners
Law of Supply and Demand
the pricing of a product is determined by how much is available and how much it is wanted
The Law of Competition
the more competition, the better the product and the cheaper the cost
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.
