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IB HL Biology I > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are molecules called if the contain carbon?

A

Organic

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2
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom form?

A

4

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3
Q

monomers

A

simple organic molecules

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4
Q

polymers

A

made of monomers arranged in a simple repeating structure

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5
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex molecules made from thousands of atoms (does not have to be a polymer)

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6
Q

condensation reaction

A

link monomers to form polymers

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7
Q

In a condensation reaction is water added or removed?

A

One water molecule removed

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8
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

break down polymers into smaller molecules

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9
Q

In a hydrolysis reaction is water added or removed?

A

One water molecule is added

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10
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules in living things?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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11
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

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12
Q

What are 3 important things to know about carbohydrates?

A
  • Energy source/storage
  • Structural molecules that give cells shape
  • Recognition or signaling molecules
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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

carbohydrate monomers

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of monosaccharides?

A
  • most end in -ose
  • typically have a formula that’s a multiple of CH2O.
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15
Q

What are two things monosaccharides can be used for?

A

fuel and combining polymers

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16
Q

Pentoses

A

5-carbon sugars

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17
Q

What are 2 examples of pentoses and where are they found?

A
  • ribose, found in RNA
  • deoxyribose, found in DNA
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18
Q

Hexose

A

6-carbon sugars

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19
Q

What is an example of a hexose?

A

glucose

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20
Q

Glucose

A

used as a source of energy by the cell

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21
Q

How is glucose made?

A

by photosynthesis

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22
Q

What does glucose start?

A

cellular respiration

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23
Q

What do monosaccharides do in aqueous solutions?

A

Form rings

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24
Q

Planar

A

flat

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25
Q

What is the structure of sugar rings?

A

It has -H and -OH groups above and below the plane of the ring

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26
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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27
Q

What makes a glucose isomer alpha-D-Glucose (trans configuration)?

A

When the carbon 1 -OH and CH2OH are on OPPOSITE sides

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28
Q

What makes a glucose isomer beta-D-Glucose (cis configuration)?

A

When the carbon 1 -OH and CH2OH on the SAME side

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29
Q

Disaccharides

A

Consist of two monosaccharides

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30
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A

The covalent bonds joining monosaccharides

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31
Q

Maltose (2 characteristics)

A
  • The bonding of two glucose units
  • glycosidic linkage at α-(1,4)
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32
Q

What two monosaccharides are needed to make maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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33
Q

What two monosaccharides are needed to make sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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34
Q

What two monosaccharides are needed to make lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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35
Q

Polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates made from long chains of monosaccharides (hundreds)

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36
Q

What can polysaccharides be (2)?

A
  • storage molecules
  • structural compounds
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37
Q

Starch (2 things to know)

A

major storage form of energy/glucose in plants
polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers

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38
Q

What 2 things does starch contain?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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39
Q

Amylose (3 thing to know)

A
  • made from α-glucose monomers
  • linked by α-(1,4) glycosidic linkages
  • wound into coils stabilized by hydrogen bonds
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40
Q

Amylopectin

A

α-glucose joined by α-(1,4) and α–(1,6) glycosidic linkages

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41
Q

What do α–(1,6) glycosidic linkages do?

A

form branches

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42
Q

What is the structure and function of amylose (3)?

A
  • helical in structure
  • tightly packed
  • good for storage
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43
Q

What is the structure and function of amylopectin (3)?

A
  • branched
  • takes up more space
  • easier to digest
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44
Q

What is amylopectin used for?

A

making adhesives and lubricants

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45
Q

Where are starches found?

A

plants

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46
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

animals

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47
Q

What are the two types of storage polysaccharides?

A

starches and glycogen

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48
Q

Glycogen (4 things you need to know)

A
  • major storage form of glucose (energy) in animals
  • polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers
  • joined by α-(1,4) and α-(1,6) linkages
  • has more branches than amylopectin in starch
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49
Q

Where can glycogen be found?

A

muscle and liver

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50
Q

What does the liver store glucose as?

A

glycogen

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51
Q

How does the liver provide sugar/glucose?

A

it turns glycogen into glucose

52
Q

What is a structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

53
Q

Cellulose (3 things you need to know)

A
  • the most abundant natural polymer
  • the strength and support in plant cell walls
  • a polymer made from beta-glucose monomers
54
Q

How do you form a bond between two molecules of beta-glucose?

A

each β-glucose molecule is rotated 180° compared to the one next to it

55
Q

What is the structure of a polysaccharide (3)?

A
  • has straight, unbranched chains that run parallel
  • has hydrogen bonds linking cellulose chains to provide strength
  • provides rigidity to cell walls to prevent cells from bursting when full with water
56
Q

Lipids (4 things you need to know)

A
  • contain nonpolar hydrocarbons
  • are insoluble in water due to nonpolar hydrocarbons.
  • are grouped together because
    they are hydrophobic
  • are not true polymers
57
Q

What are the functions of lipids (2)?

A

-energy source
-energy storage

58
Q

How is the energy in carbohydrates described?

A

readily available/quick energy

59
Q

How is the energy in lipids described?

A

available at a slower pace

60
Q

What is an important comparison between lipids and glycogen?

A

Lipids contain more energy per gram than glycogen

61
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides

62
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

carboxylic acid group (COOH) with a hydrocarbon chain attached

63
Q

What are some characteristics of fatty acids?

A
  • Fatty acids can vary in length due to the # carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
  • Fatty acids are insoluble
64
Q

Why are fatty acids insoluble?

A

due to the nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

65
Q

How can fatty acids be classified?

A

whether or not they have double bonds

66
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

only single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

67
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

68
Q

What can unsaturated fatty acids be?

A

monounsaturated or polyunsaturated

69
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids

A

one double bond in the fatty acid tail

70
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

two or more double bonds in the fatty acid tail

71
Q

What types of isomers can unsaturated fatty acids be?

A

cis or trans

72
Q

Cis isomer

A

hydrogens on same side of double bond (fatty acid tails have kinks)

73
Q

Trans isomer

A

hydrogens on opposite side of double bond

74
Q

What do phospholipids consist of (3)?

A
  • Two fatty acids
  • One glycerol
  • One phosphate group
75
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid?

A

Major component in cell membranes- lipid bilayer

76
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of?

A

three fatty acids and one glycerol

77
Q

What is the main function of a triglyceride?

A

energy storage

78
Q

What are two things triglycerides can be at room temperature?

A

fats (solid) or oils (liquid)

79
Q

What types of fatty acids are fats made up of?

A

saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids

80
Q

What what types of fatty acids are oils made up of?

A

cis-unsaturated fatty acids

81
Q

Which fats occur naturally in foods

A

saturated and cis-unsaturated fats

82
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

in animal sources such as meat and dairy

83
Q

Where are cis-unsaturated fats found?

A

in plant sources such as nuts, oils, fish, and vegetables

84
Q

How are trans-unsaturated fats made?

A

they are man made

85
Q

Which fats have negative health effects?

A

saturated and trans-unsaturated fats

86
Q

Which fats have positive health effects?

A

cis-unsaturated fats

87
Q

What do trans-unsaturated and saturated fats increase the risk of?

A

coronary heart disease (CHD)

88
Q

What can the high energy content of lipids contribute to (4)?

A
  • (CHD)
  • stroke
  • high blood pressure
  • type 2 diabetes
89
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

indicator of body fatness

90
Q

nomogram

A

tool used to find BMI

91
Q

What do steroids have?

A

four nonpolar fused rings

92
Q

Cholesterol

A

a steroid that contributes to the production of hormones, vitamin D, bile, and cell membrane support

93
Q

What kinds of effects does cholesterol have on health?

A
  • synthesized in the liver & obtained from animal products
  • factors other than diet can affect cholesterol levels (genetic factors)
  • lowering its ingestion may lower the risk of CHD in some individuals
  • Can cause CHD if it builds up in the walls of arteries & causes clogging/ atherosclerosis;
94
Q

Proteins

A

most structurally and functionally diverse of life’s molecules

95
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

96
Q

What are the components of an amino acids?

A
  • Central Carbon
  • Amine Group
  • Carboxyl Group
  • Hydrogen Group
97
Q

What is important about R groups?

A

it distinguishes each of the different amino acids

98
Q

How many amino acids to living things use?

A

20

99
Q

What type of reaction forms polypeptide bonds?

A

condensation reactions

100
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

its shape

101
Q

Primary structure

A

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

102
Q

What codes the sequence of polypeptides?

A

genes in the DNA

103
Q

Genes

A

sequence of DNA that programs an amino acid sequence and controls a characteristic of an organism

104
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration

105
Q

What types of configuration come out of secondary structure?

A

α helix and β pleated sheet

106
Q

What stabilizes secondary structures?

A

hydrogen bonds

107
Q

Where to hydrogen bonds form in secondary structures?

A

between amine and carboxyl groups

108
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

the overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide

109
Q

How are tertiary and quaternary structures stabilized?

A

by interactions between R groups

110
Q

What types of bonds stabilize tertiary and quaternary structures (4)?

A
  • hydrogen bonding
  • ionic interactions
  • hydrophobic interactions
  • disulfide bridges
111
Q

How do amino acids with nonpolar R groups fold?

A

they cluster in the interior of the protein (away from water)

112
Q

How do amino acids with polar R groups fold?

A

they cluster on the surface (interact with water)

113
Q

What is the position of proteins that contain amino acids with nonpolar R groups in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

they are embedded in the nonpolar interior

114
Q

What is the position of proteins that contain amino acids with polar R groups in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

they protrude from the membrane and form the pore

115
Q

What determines tertiary structure?

A

primary structure determines tertiary structure

116
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

117
Q

What can disrupt secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure?

A

high temperatures or varying pH levels

118
Q

What does high temperature and varying temperature not effect primary structure?

A

covalent bonds remain undisturbed

119
Q

Denaturing

A

structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties

120
Q

What are the two types of protein shapes?

A

globular and fibrous

121
Q

Globular

A

overall spherical shape; mostly water soluble; can be enzymes, transport proteins, hormones

122
Q

What is an example of a globular protein?

A

hemoglobin

123
Q

Fibrous

A

long fiber shape; insoluble in water; structural/movement functions

124
Q

What is an example of a fibrous protein?

A

collagen

125
Q

What are 2 protein functions?

A

Hormones and Sensation

126
Q

What is an example of the protein function of ‘hormones’?

A

Insulin signals glucose uptake by cells

127
Q

What is an example of the protein function of ‘sensation’?

A

Rhodopsin detects light in the retina of the eye

IB HL Biology I (10 decks)

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