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IB HL Biology I > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cellular functions of life? (7)

A

1) metabolism
2) nutrition
3) response
4) excretion of wastes
5) growth & development
6) reproduction
7) homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the types of stem cells? (3)

A

1) embryonic - pluripotent
2) adult stem cells - multipotent
3) induced pluripotent stem cells

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3
Q

What does the rate of substances crossing the membrane depend on?

A

surface area - if the cell is larger, there is more to do

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4
Q

What increases faster in a cell? volume or surface area?

A

volume

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5
Q

What is the problem when the volume is too large?

A

more food needed and more waste made

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6
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

size of image/actual size of object

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7
Q

How many µm are in 1mm?

A

1000 µm

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8
Q

What is the formula for actual size of an object?

A

size of an image/magnification

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9
Q

What is the formula for magnification using the scale line?

A

length of the scale line measured/ length of scale line given

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10
Q

solvent

A

dissolver

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11
Q

solute

A

what is being dissovled

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12
Q

hydration shell

A

water molecules around a solute due to their polar attraction to each other

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13
Q

What does water have a high specific heat capacity and high heat of vaporization?

A

because of its hydrogen bonds that take a high amount of heat to break

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14
Q

What are the types of proteins in a membrane? (6)

A

1) Junction: join cells together
2) Enzymatic: speed up chemical reactions at the membrane
3) Transport: channels and pumps move things across the membrane
4) Recognition: helps cells identify other cells and viruses
5) Anchorage: attachment point for cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
6) Transduction: bind chemical messengers and send signals to within the cell

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15
Q

What can cholesterol do? (3)

A
  • reduce fluidity
  • reduce permeability
  • prevent solidification at room temp
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16
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol? (3)

A
  • polar phosphate head
  • polar hydroxyl group
  • non-polar tail
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17
Q

What is diffusion?

A

when particles move down the gradient from high to low concentration (there is simple and facilitated diffusion)

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18
Q

What are the qualifications for simple diffusion? (4)

A
  • movement from high to low concentration
  • no energy input
  • move through porous membrane of phospholipid
  • only small, non-polar molecules can do this
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19
Q

What are the qualifications for facilitated diffusion? (4)

A
  • occurs down the concentration gradient
  • requires no energy
  • proteins only allow specific solutes
  • faster than simple diffusion
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20
Q

What is an example of facilitated diffusion?

A

voltage-gated potassium channels

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21
Q

What are factors that affect diffusion? (5)

A
  • concentration gradient
  • surface area
  • length of diffusion path
  • temperature
  • size of particles
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22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration

23
Q

Osmolarity

A

the concentration of a solution through expressing the availability of solute particles per liter

24
Q

Active Transport (3)

A
  • the movement of solutes across a membrane that requires the use of ATP
  • particles must move against the concentration gradient
  • use of protein proton pumps
25
Q

monomer

A

simple organic molecules

26
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex molecules made from thousands of atoms

27
Q

What are some purposes of carbohydrates? (3)

A
  • to serve as an energy source
  • to provide structure
  • to help with signaling molecules
28
Q

carbohydrate monomers (2)

A
  • monosaccharides
  • end in -ose
29
Q

What does an alpha-D-glucose look like?

A

the -OH is below the the C on the first carbon

30
Q

What does an beta-D-glucose look like?

A

the -OH is above the C on the first carbo

31
Q

Starch Polysaccharides (3)

A
  • major place of storage in plants
  • polymer that is made from alpha-D-glucose
  • contains amylose and amylopectin
32
Q

Amylose (2)

A
  • bonds formed between α-(1,4)
  • forms coils that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds
33
Q

Amylopectin (2)

A
  • bonds formed between α-(1,4) and α-(1,6)
  • the α-(1,6) linkage forms branches
34
Q

Glycogen (2)

A
  • has α-(1,4) and α-(1,6) linkages
  • has more branches than amylopectin
35
Q

What is a structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

36
Q

Cellulose (5)

A
  • strengthen and support the cell walls of a plant
  • made from beta-D-glucose monomers
  • straight, unbranched chains
  • has hydrogen bonds
  • has rigid cell walls
37
Q

Lipids (4)

A
  • nonpolar hydrocarbons
  • insoluble in water
  • hydrophobic
  • not true polymers
38
Q

What are the functions of lipids? (2)

A
  • energy source
  • energy storage
39
Q

What is the simplest form of a lipid?

A

a fatty acid

40
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid? (2)

A
  • a carboxylic group
  • nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
41
Q

How can fatty acids be classified?

A

whether they have double bonds present

42
Q

How can a saturated fatty acids be identified?

A

they only have single bonds in their tail

43
Q

How can unsaturated fatty acids be identified?

A

they have one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

44
Q

What is the difference between a monounsaturated tail and a poly unsaturated tail?

A
  • mono has one double bond in the fatty acid tail
  • poly has two or more double bonds in the fatty acid tail
45
Q

What does a CIS unsaturated fat look like?

A

hydrogens on the same side as the double bond

46
Q

What does a trans unsaturated fat look like?

A

hydrogen on the opposite sides of the double bond

47
Q

Which fats are solid?

A
  • saturated and transunsaturated
48
Q

What fats are liquid?

A
  • cisunsaturated fats
49
Q

Glycolysis

A

1) Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
2) Starting off with glucose, that glucose is phosphorylated to become hexose bisphosphate which requires 2 ATPs.
3) Another phosphate is added to the triose phosphate to become triose biphosphate which is then oxidized causing it to lose energy/H+
4) In turn, NAD+ is reduced to NADH and 4 ADPs are reduced to 4 ATPs
5) The rest of what is left from the triose phosphates is two pyruvate molecules
6) Overall, there is a net gain of 2 ATPs.

50
Q

Link Reaction

A
  • The link reaction can also be known as the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvates. - When a pyruvate enters the link reaction, which occurs when oxygen is present, it attaches to coenzyme A.
  • In the process, it is oxidized and decarboxylated.
  • Where a carboxyl group, CO2 is lost, which becomes a waste product of the link reaction.
  • It also loses electrons/ H atoms/ energy via oxidation which goes to NAD+ which is reduced to NADH.
  • The result from this reaction after happening 2 times is 2 NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA, which was left of the pyruvate after the CO2 was lost. These things go onto the next stage, the Krebs cycle.
51
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • acetyl CoA brings its carbons to oxaloacetate
  • citric acid is formed
  • the coenzyme goes back to the link reaction
  • citric acid goes through oxidative decarboxylation
    - citric acid is oxidized
    - NAD+ is reduced to NADH H+
    - CO2 is waste product using oxygen
  • 5 carbon is result
  • 5 carbon goes through oxidative decarboxylation (same result as citric acid)
  • 4 carbon goes goes through oxidative decarboxylation
    - ADP –> ATP though substrate level phosphorylation
    - FAD reduced to FADH2
    - NAD+ reduced to NADH H+
  • returns back to oxaloacetate
52
Q

ETC and Chemiosmosis

A
  • The chemical energy needed can be obtained through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2.
  • When these are oxidized, they donate energy to the ETC.
  • The ETC is a series of protein proton pumps that pump H atoms from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
  • The electrons release energy as they flow along the chain from carrier to carrier.
  • The ETC uses the energy from the high energy electrons to pump the H atoms.
  • When the atoms run out of energy, they are accepted by oxygen which is the terminal electron acceptor.
  • ATP synthase enzymes are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • The energy is released as protons pass down their gradient through ATP synthase enzymes. ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP.
53
Q

Light Dependent Reaction

A
  • Starting with photoactivation, light shines on the pigment in photosystem II
  • the electrons to become excited and pass it on to chlorophyll.
  • The excited electrons move on to the ETC where a gradient is being formed in the process as H atoms are being pumped into the thylakoid space using energy from the energized electrons.
  • Then ATP is formed via chemiosmosis using ATP synthase.
  • Photophosphorylation is also used, which is the use of light energy to energize electrons whose energy will be used to form a concentration gradient that will be used to phosphorylate ATP.
  • Eventually, electrons in the ETC run out of energy
  • go to photosystem I where they are reenergized through photoactivation.
  • NADP+ is reduced to NADPH using electrons from photosystem I.
  • The H atoms that are needed for the cycle to continue are replenished through photolysis
  • water is broken down causing the loss of energy/H atoms/ electrons that are used for photosystem II.
54
Q

Light Independent Reaction

A
  • use CO2, ATP, and NADPH to make a sugar called triose phosphate
  • ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions
  • triose phosphate used to make glucose/other carbs.

IB HL Biology I (10 decks)

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