UNIT 3 Flashcards
The __ begins at 12 to 18 months of age when a child starts to walk alone and ends at approximately the age of 3.
toddler period
is considered a slow-growth stage; the family is significant to a toddler. It promotes language development, and toileting skills are being taught.
Toddlerhood
often referred to as “the terrible twos.” The term “terrible twos” has long been used to describe the changes that parents often observe in 2-yearold children.
Toddlers
must be evaluated frequently during the toddler period because children change so much and learn so many new skills during this time that their abilities and associated parental concerns can change from day to day.
Expected outcomes
refers to an increase in body size.
physical growth
To compute the average height of the toddler,
age in years multiply by five, then add 80 equals to the height in cm.
Weight gain is approximately 11 lb (5 kg) during this time, and birth weight quadrupled by 2 1/2 years.
Toddler
The formula to calculate the normal weight of children over one year of age is:
Age in years multiply by two, then add 8 equals the weight of the toddler in kg. For example, compute for the weight of a child aging four years? = 4 X 2 + 8 = 16 kg.
The head circumference from 1-2 years of age equals to
chest circumference.
The normal vital signs of a toddler are as follow
a. Pulse: 80–130 beats/min (average 110/min). b. Respiration: 20–30C/min. c. Bowel and bladder control: Daytime control of bladder and bowel control starts by 24–30 months.
is fundamental for good health and development during the early years of life
nutrition
is one of the essential factors influencing growth & immunity.
Nutrition
between the ages of two and three years are beginning to talk in sentences and sometimes say things in a big and definite voice.
Toddlers
are behaviors or physical skills seen in infants and children as they grow and develop
Developmental milestones
development involves the more significant, more muscular muscle groups of the body.
Gross Motor
can start to walks with help
A toddler of 15 months
can walks upstairs with one hand, jumps in place with both feet, may be able to control anal & urinary sphincters.
18 months
the toddler can walk up & downstairs 1 step at a time, attains bladder & bowel control
In 24 months,
s can jump from chair or steps, stands on 1 foot briefly.
For 30 month
months, the toddler can, walk alone, creep upstairs, and assume standing position without falling. A toddler can hold a cup with all fingers grasped around it
At 15
months
, the toddler can hold the cup with both hands and transfer objects hand-to-hand at will.
At 18 months
, the toddler can go up and down stairs alone with two feet on each step and hold a cup with one hand
At 24 months
old toddler can remove most of their clothes and drink well from a small glass held in one hand.
A 24 months
the toddler can jump with both feet, and jump from chair or step. They can walk up and downstairs, one foot on a step and drink without assistance.
At 30 months,
develop later and require greater precision for tasks such as using an eating utensil, drawing with a crayon, and picking up small or delicate objects.
fine motor skills
, toddlers can build a 2-block tower & scribbles spontaneously,
At age 15 months
, they can create a 3-4 block tower.
and on 18 months
At age , the toddler can imitate vertical strokes
24 months
can build on an eight-block tower & copies a cross.
30 months
pertain to the child’s ability to express their own emotion and respond to the social interaction they have with other people.
Social and emotional milestones
refer to a child’s developing verbal and nonverbal communication skills
Communication and language milestones
omething bad that happens that is not expected or intended, and that often damages something or injures someone.
Accident
The frequent accidents in toddler years are f
fall, aspiration & poisoning, suffocation, burns, and Motor vehicle accidents.
happens because of the toddler’s unstable gait, the presence of objects on the floor, lack of supervision, and curiosity of the children.
Fall
swallowing of foreign body, strangulation, covering of head by blankets, accidental suffocation by a pillow while baby sleeps in a prone position, near-drowning.
Aspiration & poisoning by accidental
by accidental swallowing of drugs, detergents, insecticides, etc
Food poisoning
by hot water, burn by fire, touch on hot objects such as cooking utensils, etc.
Burn /Scald
is an essential part of your child’s development overall — with social milestones helping your child “manage personal feelings and understand others’ feelings and needs, and interact respectfully and acceptably.”
socialization
The toddler uses ___to assort independence; our nursing intervention is extinction and just ignore them.
tantrums
Toddlers are full of energy. Opening and closing drawers, turning containers upside down, and hiding things in all sorts of places are ways that toddlers play, explore their world, and learn
Play
is one of the most common forms of play like dolls & housekeeping toys, play phones & cloth books, appropriate rocking horses & riding trucks, finger paints, play clay, large piece wooden or plastic puzzles, and large blocks.
Imitation
▪ A child gains about 5 to 6 lb and 5 in a year during the toddler stage ▪ Head circumference increases only about 2cm
15
Walks alone well Can seat self in chair Can creep upstairs
15
Puts small pellets into small bottles Scribbles voluntarily w/ a pencil / crayon Holds a spoon
15
▪ Prominent abdomen – pouchy belly ▪ Respirations slow slightly ▪ HR: 90 – 110 bpm ▪ BP: 99/64 mmHg ▪ The brain develops to about 90% of its adult size. ▪ Control of the urinary and anal sphincters becomes possible.
18
Can run and jump in place Can walk up and downstairs w/ assistance and typically place both feet on one step
before advancing Others: language Favorite word is “MINE “height of possessiveness Bowel control is achieved.
18
No longer rotates a spoon to bring it to mouth.
18
The best time to bring the child to the dentist is 2-3 years when temporary teeth are complete. Eight new teeth (canines and molars) erupt.
24
They are called the terrible two Walks upstairs alone, still using feet on the same step at the same time Others: Language 50-200 words (2-word sentences), knows five body parts Bladder (daytime) control
24
Can open doors by turning doorknobs Unscrew lids Can turn pages at a time, remove shoes, pants
24
The temporary teeth complete. The posterior molar is the last to erupt. There are 20 deciduous teeth, and tooth brushing should be introduced
before
30
Can jump down from chairs Others:
Knows full name, hold up a finger to show age
Makes simple lines or strokes or crosses w/ a pencil
Copy a circle
30
TRUSTING THREE 1. Ectomorphic (slim body built) or endomorphic (large body built) becomes apparent PR: 85 bpm BP: 100/60 mmHg 2. Voiding is frequent (about 9 to 10 times a day) 3. The average child gains only about 4.5 lb a year. Height gain is also minimal: 2 to 3.5 inches Generally have all 20 deciduous teeth by age 3 2. tooth brushing with little supervision
Three y/o
Alternates feet Runs Rides tricycle Stands on one foot Others: Knows full name and sex Speaks fluently:200900 words Rides tricycle NIGHTTIME BLADDER CONTROL achieved
Three y/o
Undresses self, unbutton buttons Stacks tower of blocks Draws a cross, learn how to share
Three y/o
associative and imaginative play
three y/o
as defined by the Oxford English dictionary, it is a feeling of anxiety concerning the outcome of something or the safety of someone. The following are the toddler’s common fear
Fears
Between 10 months and two years, many toddlers start to fear to be apart from a parent. They don’t want a parent to leave them at daycare or bedtime. They cry, cling, and try to stay near their parent.
Loss of parents
“Fear of strangers is a healthy, protective fear – children should not go to people they don’t know,” Dr. Ayelet Talmi says.
Stranger anxiety
Loud noises and the howling wind is scary – I need Mom and Dad to protect me.
Loud noises
I’m afraid to sleep alone because I sometimes have nightmares.” Bad dreams and nightmares characterize toddlers’ struggles with the distinction between reality and pretend,” Dr. Ayelet Talmi says.
Going to sleep (alone)
“Toddlers have vivid imaginations that conjure up monsters in dark corners, shadows, clouds, or just about anywhere.” Instead, take his concerns seriously and help your child prevent monster visits. After you’ve checked under the bed, in the closet, and all corners for existing monsters, Dr. Talmi suggests filling a spray bottle with water and ensuring your child that new monsters cannot hurt him once he has sprayed his room. Tack a “No Monsters Allowed” sign to his door for good measure.
Large animals
Most children are afraid of the dark on some level – it’s a widespread fear of the unknown. To combat this fear, try teaching your child how to turn on lights around the house, and add a night-light to his bedroom. “Allow your children to control the amount of light they have on when they go to sleep and gradually decrease it over time,” Dr. Ayelet Talmi suggests. Help your child understand darkness by going on a night walk together and discussing all the new and exciting things you can see when it’s dark.
Afraid of the Dark
is the period of human development occurring at about one to three years of age. Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the child’s fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus
anal stage,
Freud called it the ___ because of libidinal energy shifts from the oral cavity to anus and urethra.
anal phase
begins to develop, masturbation can result in body exploration, and sex differences become evident
Sexuality
is the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at one time. When a child can focus on more than one element of a situation simultaneously, they can decenter.
Centration
assumes that other people see, hear, and feel the same as the child.
Egocentrism
refers to the child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view.
Egocentrism
The early pre-operational period (ages 2-3) is marked by a dramatic increase in children’s use of the symbolic function. This is the ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than itself
Symbolic Representation
is perhaps the most apparent form of symbolism that young children display.
Language
Toddlers often pretend to be people they are not (e.g., superheroes, policemen) and may play these roles with props that symbolize real-life objects. Children invent imaginary playmates. ‘In the symbolic play, the toddler advance upon their cognitions about people, objects, and actions and construct increasingly sophisticated representations of the world’
Pretend (Symbolic) Play
focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behavior is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one chooses to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one does.
Kohlberg’s theory
morality is externally controlled.
pre-conventional level
Consequences determine behavior. The individual will obey to avoid punishment.
At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. Sense of
morality is based on preventing external punishment Fear of authority and avoidance of punishment are reasons for behaving morally.
Stage 1 – Punishment/obedience orientation
Behavior is determined again by consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.
Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation
Is characterized by the psyche’s unprotected exposure to the unconscious. Intuitive images of good and evil, fantasy, and reality are the same. Intuitive–Projective stage in which children are beginning to be able to use symbols and their imaginations. However, children in this stage are very selffocused and inclined to take very literally (and self-referentially) ideas about evil, the devil, or other negative aspects of religion. The ability to sort out reality from fantasy is not well developed
STAGE 1 – INTUITIVE-PROJECTIVE FAITH (2-7 years old)
