Unit 3 Flashcards
relative poverty
is the condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live
in the US it is under 25k for a family of 3-4
compare internationally
absolute poverty
Persistent poverty in the form of hunger and
famine. It is a condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time.
$1.90 a day
poverty line
The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life.
What are the causes of poverty?
The causes of poverty include poor people’s lack of resources, extremely unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict, and hunger itself.
How do wealth and population compare between the Global North and South?
80% of the world’s population lives in the ‘Global South’ with 20% of the world’s wealth.
20% of the world’s population is in the ‘Global North’ with 80% of the world’s wealth.
What are the causes of famine?
Famine is a sudden increase in mortality resulting from food shortages.
caused by a fall in the food supply, rise in demand for food, and disruptions in food distribution
Thomas Malthus and twin trajectory
Thomas Malthus first set out his ideas in 1798 in “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. This expounded a tragic twin trajectory for the growth of human populations and the increase of food supply.
Whereas the natural tendency was for populations to grow without end, the food supply would run up against the limit of finite land. As a result, the “positive checks” of higher mortality caused by famine, disease, and war were necessary to bring the number of people back in line with the capacity to feed them.
What is economic development and how should it really be measured?
Economic development is the process by which a nation
improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.
Real development should be judged in terms of improvements in securing ‘basic human needs for the whole population.
Stages of global policy on development
1960s Rostow’s five stages of economic growth
1970s ‘New International Economic Order
1980s and 1990s ‘Washington Consensus’
2000s Post-Washington Consensus
1960s Rostow’s Five Stages of Growth
- traditional society- preindustrial society
- preconditions for takeoff-transition stage towards industrialization
- take-off- industrial revolution with economic growth as the norm and service industries emerge
- drive to maturity- more national income is invested and the economy diversifies
- age of high mass consumption-diverse economy based on consumer goods and services
1970s New International Economic Order
The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries (the non-aligned movement) through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
The goal was to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance,
developed-country tariff reductions, and other means.
What demands did NAM have for the New Economic Order?
Full sovereign control of Northern MNC’s operating in their territories.
Debt relief.
Reallocation of military expenditure to benefit Global South development.
Preferences in trading rules to allow LDCs to compete in developed markets.
Greater emphasis on technology transfer from North to South.
Reform of World Bank and IMF so that LDC have greater say in decision making and that the conditions for IMF loans are more favorable.
1980s-90s Washington Consensus
A set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries, and Latin America in particular.
refers to the level of agreement between the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and U.S. Department of the Treasury on those policy recommendations.
All shared the view, typically labeled neoliberal, that the operation of the free market and the reduction of state involvement was crucial to development in the global south
2000s Post-Washington Consensus
The Washington Consensus did not work because it was one recipe for unique countries.
Focus shifted away from development simply in terms of the economy and toward poverty reduction.
push factors
force people out
about fleeing unacceptable political, economic, and social circumstances
pull factors
attract people to another place
the hope of achieving something better encouraging numerous people to uproot themselves and often their families in the belief that there is a better life in a foreign country.
What is present-day migration a function of and why has it become a huge recent issue despite being around throughout history?
Present-day mass migration is a function of economic
globalization.
Migration remains a hot topic issue because it significantly undermines state control of both national
economies and borders, and also encourages mass movement of peoples to seek a better life away from their homeland
What are the push and pull factors of migrants moving to the US and Europe
Mexican migrants push- High levels of violent crime, very high levels of poverty and unemployment, and poor farming land
Mexican migrants pull- Better living standards, job opportunities, many Mexicans already live in the USA, better educational standards.
Muslim migrant push- state weakness/breakdown and associated humanitarian concerns arising from civil wars in several Middle Eastern countries, including Syria, Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Muslim migrant pull- enhanced economic and educational prospects and the opportunity to join and become part of pre-existing communities of people with shared Islamic identity
How do globalists and anti-globalists view migration?
globalists express a ‘positive’ perception of migration
because it can alleviate skill shortages in economies being filled, with consequential beneficial effects on economic growth and output in the countries where migrants end up.
‘Anti-globalists’, declare a pessimistic view of migration as a consequence of economic globalization that can destabilize states with massive population movements.
What issues do the US and Europe have with migration?
For America, it was the issue of ‘uncontrolled’ illegal Mexican migration into the country, while for Europe the issue was, for some right-wing populist politicians and their supporters, the danger of being ‘swamped’ by tens of thousands of (mainly) Muslim refugees and migrants from the Global South, especially the Middle East.
What is Mary Kaldor’s new wars thesis?
The idea that post-Cold War, globalization has led to a new form of warfare with intrastate conflicts within failed states over interstate based on the identities of groups. These wars utilize different tactics, actors, and finances.
In these wars, the state is no longer in charge.
How has globalization led to new wars?
Globalization is criticized for contributing to widespread poverty throughout the developing world and when examined in the context of states prone to civil conflict, the impact has been devastating.
Globalization has diminished the ability of vulnerable states to retain control of their territory and their sovereign right to a monopoly of legitimate force.
How can new wars be characterized?
purpose- fighting in the name of identity politics as opposed to ideology
goal- attempts to achieve political, rather than physical, control of the population
finance- conflict financed not necessarily through the state, but through other predatory means that seek the continuation of violence (like global war economy)
actors- violence between varying combinations of state and non-state networks (intrastate)
methods- suicide bombings, assassinations, and attacking civilians, proxy-wars (like in Yemen because Saudi Arabia is fighting Iran there)
How are traditional wars characterized?
purpose- fighting bc of ideology
goal- physical control of territory or population
finance- state or alliances
actors- states
methods- fighting between two state armies
failed state
states that are unable to fulfill the basic functions and responsibilities of a sovereign government, like providing national security
erosion of state capacity, as characterized by a breakdown of political authority and the loss of government control over territory.
deterrence
an attempt by decision-makers in one nation or group of nations to restructure the set of alternatives available to decision-makers in another nation or group of nations by posing a threat to their key values. The restructuring is an attempt to exclude armed aggression (resort to war) from consideration.’
