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POL 253 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Critical Theory build on and add to IR?

A

It builds on the work of Marx, Frankurt, and Antonio Gramsci. CR adds values to IR and talks about the role of culture, ideas, and norms shaping IR.

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2
Q

What are the key concepts of Critical Theory?

A
  1. state legitimizes and ensures a capitalist economy but CT also cares about the role of ideology in maintaining the role of dominant groups.
  2. hegemony establishes rule via culture and the outcome legitimizes capitalist rule.
  3. power is not just unequal in the military and the economy but also in social institutions.
  4. states are internationalized because the state is the dominant form of political organization.
  5. community and identity are the moral implication of treating foreigners differently than citizens.
  6. commitment to equality
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3
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Certain aspects of IR are historically and socially constructed rather than consequences of human nature.

The role of sociology is involved in that ideas are important in informing state behaviors. Ex. colonialism, land mines. (concept of socialization in how institutions influence individual actions)

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4
Q

What is Feminism?

A

Feminism redefines notions of security and development issues in IR rather than just focusing on security studies. It considers the role of women, minority groups, and development, and inclusivity.

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5
Q

Define hegemony.

A

leadership, dominance, and supremacy especially by one country or social group over others

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6
Q

Define sovereignty.

A

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state

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7
Q

Define civil society.

A

the space for collective action around shared interests, purposes, and values, generally distinct from the government and commercial for-profit actors. Civil society actors enhance the participation of communities in the provision of services and policy decision-making.

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8
Q

What is a just war?

A

A war that is deemed to be morally or theological justifiable.

The requirements for a just war include:

  1. The war must be for a just cause.
  2. The war must be lawfully declared by a lawful authority.
  3. The intention behind the war must be good.
  4. All other ways of resolving the problem should have been tried first.
  5. There must be a reasonable chance of success.
  6. The means used must be in proportion to the end that the war seeks to achieve.
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9
Q

How should a just war be fought?

A

A war that starts as a Just War may stop being a Just War if:

  1. the means used to wage it are inappropriate.
  2. Innocent people and non-combatants should not be harmed.
  3. Only appropriate force should be used. This applies to both the sort of force and how much force is used.
  4. Internationally agreed conventions regulating war must be obeyed.
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10
Q

What are international organizations?

A

nonstate actors (IGOs and INGOs) and organizations other than the state with a role in international relations.

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11
Q

List the criteria for an IGO.

A
  1. involves two or more sovereign governments
  2. permanent
  3. regular meetings and decision-making process
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12
Q

Are temporary arrangements considered an IGO?

A

No, they are not because alliances are short-term and are not institutionalized. NATO was an exception.

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13
Q

What is the typical IGO structure?

A

legislature- a meeting of members where key issues are debated

executive- the body responsible for decision making and implementing policy

secretariat- administration body for day-to-day work

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14
Q

How have IGOs grown?

A

After the Cold War, the number of IGOs decreased because some were absorbed by larger ones or collapsed because they were irrelevant after the USSR fell. Most basic IGOs emerged on utilitarian grounds because it was in the interests of neighboring states with common transboundary concern and in the economic sphere. The onset of globalization has facilitated the need for IGOs, especially after big wars.

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15
Q

How many members does the UN have? Where is the UN located?

A

The UN General Assembly is in New York.

There are 193 sovereign members with representation at the General Assembly. 195 states total counting the observing states, Palestine and the Vatican.

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16
Q

What are the four basic principles of the UN?

A
  1. maintain international peace and security
  2. develop friendly relations via diplomacy
  3. cooperate to solve international problems/human rights
  4. be the center for harmonizing actions fo states
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17
Q

What is the International Court of Justice?

A

One of the six principal organs of the United Nations that settles disputes between states in accordance with international law and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. Consists of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council.

Located in the Hague in the Netherlands.

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18
Q

What is the General Assembly of the UN?

A

The main deliberative organ; each member has one vote and 2/3 is the majority vote required for peace and security, admitting new members, and budget. A simple majority is otherwise required.

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19
Q

What is the Security Council of the UN?

A

Its job is to maintain peace and security. There are 15 Council members, each with one vote. Only 5 of them are permanent members, including China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US. These five members have veto power, and one veto can bring down a proposition.

This has had limited success because chemistry/dynamics lead to conflict and vetos limit action.

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20
Q

International Labor Organization

A

Location: Geneva, Switzerland

Number of members: 187

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21
Q

World Health Organization

A

Location: Geneva, Switzerland

Number of members: 194

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22
Q

World Bank

A

Location: Washington D.C.

Number of members: 189

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23
Q

World Trade Organization

A

Location: Geneva, Switzerland

Number of members: 164

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24
Q

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

A

Location: Paris, France

Number of members: 195

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25
Q

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

A

Location: New York, NY

Number of members: 36

26
Q

What are the two kinds of international law?

A

public-regulate relations between states and IGOs

private- settling disputes between foreign national individuals with a transboundary character by deciding which state’s law applies

27
Q

What are the sources of international law?

A

Explicit agreements (Treaties, conventions, protocols) (most precedence)

Customary Law (like “common law”)- Widespread, representative, and consistent practice of states

Norms (general principles of morality and justice)

28
Q

What is regionalism?

A

A number of countries in a geographic region come together for a goal. Regional organizations are a special kind of international organization that is organized on a geographic basis for various purposes. Most are recent creations over the last few decades because of globalization.

29
Q

What is the International Crime Court?

A

The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental
organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands.

The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. This is based on criteria for a just war.

30
Q

Why do states join regional organizations?

A

States pursue regional cooperation to achieve objectives they feel they cannot achieve alone.

31
Q

How many members have been added to the EU since 1952?

A

Since integrative attempts in 1952, members of the EU have increased from 6 to 27.

32
Q

European Council of Ministers

A

both an executive and legislative body with the final word on significant issues in the Union

33
Q

European Commission

A

executive body in Brussels that puts decisions made by the Council of Ministers and European Parliament into effect. Commissioners are chosen by member states and only represent the interests of the EU.

34
Q

European Parliament

A

751 members are chosen via the ballot box in each member state every 5 years. The only elected members in the EU and the number of them is based on population.

35
Q

European Court of Justice

A

Located in Luxembourg and upholds EU treaties and laws in the same way within all member states

36
Q

European Council

A

heads of member governments that meet to discuss issues

37
Q

European Central Bank

A

bring together central banks of member states for policymaking

38
Q

Define security.

A

the absence of threats to life, property, and freedom of individuals or core values

39
Q

What is a referent object?

A

Who or what is the object of security? traditionally, the referent object was the state via the military due to external source and their response would be to increase arms and alliances.

40
Q

Why are Realist assumptions about security outdated?

A

Given the decreased likelihood of war among states with globalization and stronger weapons, realist assumptions about military security appear outdated. Therefore, there is a need to broaden security beyond states to individuals.

41
Q

How does liberalism approach security?

A

Security for the state is by fixing failed international institutions and spreading democracy as well as forming more alliances and institutions to cooperate.

42
Q

What is International Political Economy?

A

A sub-discipline of IR that arose parallel with globalization. It examines the interdependence of politics and economy in the international system. There are two levels of analysis- international economy and national political economy.

43
Q

What are the perspectives of IPE?

A

mercantilism, liberalism, regime theory, world-systems theory, hegemonic stability theory

44
Q

Mercantilism

A

Parallel to realism

emphasizes that the states participate in the international economy by pursuing their interests based on calculations of gains from economic decisions relative to other states

participating in the international system is viewed as a zero-sum game

foundations: Adam Smith

45
Q

Liberalism and free trade

A

parallel to idealism

considers other agents in the international system

behavior rooted in calculations of absolute gains from participation in the international economy (participation is a positive sum game)

foundation: David Ricardo

46
Q

Describe comparative advantage.

A

An idea developed by David Ricardo that some countries have advantages over others in growth of production of goods because abundance and terrain. Therefore, each state should specialize in the goods for which they have comparative advantage . Trade in this way will bring peace.

47
Q

Regime Theory

A

a theory within international relations
derived from the liberal
tradition and institutionalism that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors

48
Q

World Systems Theory

A

Based on the dependency theory in IR, that the division of the world economy is into a developed capitalist core upon which underdeveloped periphery is dependent. For example., resources flow from the periphery to the core to produce final goods.

49
Q

Hegemonic Stability Theory

A

International order and stability are only achieved if there is a hegemonic power in the international system. Hegemons act as providers of international public goods and help overcome collective action problems in the international system.

50
Q

What are public goods?

A

the consumption of goods does not decrease the supply for others Ex. stability and security

51
Q

What are the three kinds of human rights?

A

Civil and political: those rights are associated with
Liberalism and the ‘Western’ world of the European and North American democracies

Economic and social: those rights are concerned with
individuals’ entitlement from the state- such as health care, welfare, and education.

Collective and cultural: those rights are associated with
what was once known as the “Third World”- where the rights of individuals are less pronounced and there is more focus on the rights of groups and societies.

52
Q

What are human rights?

A

All individuals have undeniable rights which should be preserved in national law. The term could vary in terms of meaning, what people expect, and what they get. There is no universal definition of human rights and it has evolved over time until the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

53
Q

What do the UN Twin Covenants cover?

A

covers civil/political and economic/social rights

civil/political rights- Right to life, liberty, and property, right to marry, freedom of opinion, freedom of assembly and association, right to free elections, universal suffrage

economic/social rights- Work for just reward, form and join trade unions, rest and holidays with pay, the standard of living adequate to health, social security, education, participation in the cultural life of the community

54
Q

What is a limitation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

A

It does not have the force of law and it didn’t have this when it was signed.

55
Q

green

A

1950s term to express sympathy for environmental issues

56
Q

biodiversity

A

the idea of seeking to maintain the variety of life

forms on Earth.

57
Q

transboundary pollution

A

pollution could not be dealt with by domestic policy alone It is the pollution that originates in one country but is able to cause damage in another country’s environment, by crossing borders through pathways like water or air. Ex. oil pollution and acid rain

58
Q

resource depletion

A

Sovereign control over the common ‘goods’ of water, air, and natural resources are unstainable. Global overpopulation became a policy target by developed nations.

59
Q

1972 UN Conference on Human Environment

A

Principle 21: states retained full sovereign authority over
resources located in their territory but charged them with
responsibility to exploit them with due regard to environmental
effects on other states.

Common Heritage of Mankind: Resources located outside territorial borders belong to the international community.

UNEP: was created to nurture and institutionalize epistemic communities.

Environmental awareness: Governments were prompted to create new ministries to oversee environmental issures and allow pressure groups to play a role.

60
Q

1992 UNCED Rio Summit

A

Rio Declaration:
Identified the ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ of developed and less developed states in environmental
protection.
Acknowledged the legitimacy of the ‘precautionary principle’ in developing policy. The lack of absolute scientific certainty over harmful side-effects of some economic activities should not justify continuing with these activities.

Framework Convention on Climate Change: a limited non-binding agreement was issued concerning the worldwide rise in temperature.

61
Q

Kyoto Protocol 1997

A

each country has its own target of reducing emissions but it lacked structure and real enforcement measures

62
Q

Paris Accord/Climate Change Agreement

A

An aim of keeping temperatures below 1.5 degrees Celsius, the creation of a loss and damages mechanism, and the provision of national climate plans all provide an important route forward.

Yet, the critical voices have continued. Vulnerable states and communities appear short-changed, the 1.5-degree target appears unmeetable and the more-progressive mechanisms of mitigation are noticeably absent.

POL 253 (3 decks)

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