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POL 253 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define globalization.

A

greatly increasing interdependency beyond economics to technology, culture, politics, and how states/nonstates organizations relate to one another

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2
Q

What is the difference between International Relations and international relations?

A

IR is the academic discipline that evolved from politics to explain/predict the behavior of important entities whose actions have a bearing on the lives of people around the world; it is the totality of significant international interactions involving state and nonstate actors (IGOs and MNCs)

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3
Q

Define diplomacy.

A

the art of how ambassadors act in other countries to present/preserve their country’s interests via negotiations

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of globalization?

A
  • crises within countries do not remain contained
  • ongoing evolution of info/technology
  • demands for human rights and democracy
  • stream of images from global culture industries
  • post-national, polycentric IR where transnational actors increase the political presence
  • there is a large number of significant state/nonstate actors
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5
Q

Describe IGOs.

A

Intergovernmental organizations with only state members. Their tasks include security, welfare, and human rights. Members try to maintain autonomy while bound to certain policy options as a result of their IGO commitment Ex. NATO

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6
Q

Describe INGOs.

A

International non-governmental organizations are cross-border bodies. They show states are not the only important cross-border actors and are significant when states fail and can execute policy from IN organizations. Ex. Amnesty International

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7
Q

What are globalists?

A

reject the assertion that globalization is a synonym for Americanization/Westernization. Believes globalization serves rich/poor states and is transformative with some beneficial outcomes like democracy/human rights

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8
Q

What are alterglobalists?

A

don’t deny the transformative quality of globalization but wants to alter outcome with equal distribution of benefits

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9
Q

What are globalization skeptics?

A

the concept of globalization is unsatisfactory; if the distribution of benefits is not equal then what is global about it? basically westernization. highlights fragmentation of economic, political, and cultural implosion

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10
Q

Define international society.

A

states form a community shaped by shared ideas, values, identities, and norms that are common to all

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11
Q

What was the first attempt to form an international society?

A

dates back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

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12
Q

Define balance of power.

A

informal, intergovernmental arrangement whereby states work together to thwart a perceived collective threat, emanating from another state/group

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13
Q

What are the requirements of balance of power that help maintain IN society?

A
  1. sufficient states to work together to prevent other countries’ hegemonic designs
  2. each state has equal power
  3. continuous but controlled competition for scarce resources
  4. agreement that all benefit from status quo
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14
Q

Name the requirements to maintain IN society.

A

balance of power, diplomacy, and international law

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15
Q

What is the significance of Hugo Grotius?

A

wrote the Law of War and Peace that had the first and important statements on IN law (specific rules of conduct to minimize conflict and expand cooperation)

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16
Q

How does diplomacy maintain IN society?

A

art and practice of IR through negotiations, alliances, treaties, and agreements.

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17
Q

Track through the timeline of IR.

A

peace of Westphalia, French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, European Imperialism, WWI, League of nations

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18
Q

Why was the league of nations developed?

A

to increase cooperation and international security

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19
Q

What was the importance of imperialism?

A

spread key political and economic norms from Europe to the rest of the world.

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20
Q

What was the importance of WWI?

A

It was the first bad war after the religious wars so it marked the triumph and collapse of the balance of power. Showed the long-term success but also a major outbreak of violence. It also showed that you can have a national defense but not national security.

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21
Q

Define the United Nations.

A

A reformed version of the League of Nations was an important part of post-WW2 international relations and helped to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts

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22
Q

How was the UN Security Council set up?

A

the great powers, China, France, UK, USSR (now Russia), and the US became permanent members of the UN Security Council. This became a problem when US/USSR became enemies.

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23
Q

Define MAD.

A

Mutual Assured Destruction was the all-out use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides that would lead to the destruction of both the attacker and defender. It was only used as a threat so the other person would not use theirs. It was based on the theory of deterrence.

24
Q

What term did Alfred Savry coin?

A

He coined the term “Third World” in an article in 1952 referring to the then decolonizing countries and economically weak countries of Latin America. The first world country is the democratic and capitalist countries. The second world is the communist.

25
Q

Define NAM.

A

Non-aligned movement was a coalition of decolonized/developing countries that was formed to gain more political clout and declare neutrality during the Cold War.

26
Q

What was the political atmosphere after the end of the Cold War?

A

With the fall of the USSR, there was optimism for increased cooperation and sustained international cooperation. However, the end of the Cold War had two destabilizing events testing the effectiveness of the UN: the First Gulf War and the USSR collapsed.

27
Q

What were the two dividing lines after the Cold War?

A
  1. from bipolar to multipolar

2. increased cooperation and significant instability and insecurity (as a result of multipower IN)

28
Q

What was significantly responsible for the collapse USSR?

A

Globalization was significantly responsible for the collapse as it ended USSR’s self-imposed isolation.

29
Q

What is the New World Order built on?

A

built on increased cooperation, diplomacy, peaceful resolutions, and restore/preserve the balance of power through liberal free-market capitalism and democracy. If countries are very interdependent economically, the conflict has a profound effect. Regional security also adds up to global security.

30
Q

What are the assumptions of Realism?

A
  1. man is wicked
  2. the state is the dominant actor (MNCs and IGOs are not important)
  3. the state system is based on respect for sovereignty
  4. world order is maintained by respect for balance of power
  5. the state seeks to maximize their power (military)
  6. self-help anarchy
  7. doesn’t want to change status quo
31
Q

What are the 3 S’s in Realism?

A

statism- state is the centerpiece; state is the preeminent actor and all others are of lower significance
survival- primary objective is state survival
self help- no other state/institution can be relief upon to guarantee your survival

32
Q

Thucidides

A

founder of realist school of thought

History of Peloponnesian War- mentioned war is because the growth of Athenian power and fear caused in Sparta

33
Q

Machiavelli

A

realism

“The Prince”- introduced ideas of Realism (supreme role of government)

34
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

realism

introduced terms of BOP and real politik; “Hobbes Leviathian”

35
Q

E.H. Carr

A

realism

“Twenty Years Crisis”- introduced critical concept of realism and placed emphasis on acceptance of facts

36
Q

Morgenthau

A

“Politics Among Nations”- 6 point theory on IN politics

37
Q

Describe criticism of Realism.

A
  1. doesn’t talk about changes and is status quo oriented
  2. ignores other forces (only military but there is economic)
  3. doesn’t talk about ethics
  4. state is the only actor and ignores others
  5. no cooperation, only focuses on IR with war and maximizing power
  6. no critical thinking because focuses on already constructed realities
38
Q

What are the assumptions of Liberalism?

A
  1. positive view of nature
  2. conviction that IR can be cooperative over conflictual
  3. belief in progress
  4. state dominance has eroded
  5. realists overstress importance of military power
  6. interdependence erodes concept of anarchy
  7. morality has a place in IR
39
Q

What are some characteristics of Liberalism?

A
  • focus on state-society linages
  • close connection between domestic and IN politics
  • increasing economic interdependence to decrease conflict/war
  • there are positive effects of institutionalizing IR
  • individuals and states are capable of cooperating despite anarchy
40
Q

What did Grotius and Kant contribute to Liberalism?

A

Grotius- Law of War and Peace

Kant- Perpetual Peace

41
Q

What are Kant’s requirements of classical liberalism?

A
  1. republican constitution = democracy
  2. universal hospitality = economic interdependence
  3. federation of free states = international organizations
42
Q

What are the roots of liberalism?

A

internationalism, democracy, human rights, free trade (Adam Smith and David Ricardo-it empowers individuals, encourage cooperation, and reap economic rewards)

43
Q

What book did Karl Marx write?

A

the Communist Manifesto-sees IR in terms of unequal structures that are inevitably doomed to fail due to constant conflict between the rich and poor

44
Q

What is the goal of capitalism?

A

to maximize production and profit while minimizing costs that leads to businesses taking advantage of its workers. Das Kapital by Marx expounds on capitalist system’s tendency to self destruct when workers will realize they’re oppressed, they will rise up

45
Q

Name the tenets of Marxism.

A
  1. relations are systems based, zero sum, where rich oppress the poor
  2. relations are class based struggle
  3. capitalism is the primary mode of production
  4. relations are driven by economic factors
  5. states and IN organizations are tools of the oppressor
46
Q

What is the aim of Marxism?

A

bring about classless society via public ownership of means of production, exchange, and distribution.

47
Q

Describe the Base vs Superstructure system of Marxism.

A

base: capitalism is everywhere in society and is unavoidable
superstructure: everything else, how capitalism is expressed Ex. art, culture, sports
everything that is created by capitalist society endorses the capitalist system

48
Q

What are the key concepts of Neo-Marxism?

A
  1. inequality is fundamental and enduring because the international system is divided by the rich and poor
  2. state is the central concept as coercive, repressive apparatus supporting an exploitive social and economic order
  3. power is embedded in social relations (not military/tangible) and involves inequalities
  4. violence is ridden in global economic relations because of tendencies in capitalism
  5. order- world order is a capitalist system of interconnected social, economic and political sects
49
Q

Key points of Neo-Realism.

A

States are units which exist within the international system –also known as the systemic level.
Anarchy dominates the systemic level.
States are the main actors in the international system.
States are unitary and rational actors.
States are power-maximisers.

50
Q

Differences between realism and neo-realism.

A
  1. realists locate the roots of international conflict in an imperfect human nature while neo-realists maintain that its deep causes are found in the anarchic international system.
  2. the state is superior to the system in realism, but neo-realism allows more space for agency in the former approach.
  3. realists differentiate between status-quo powers and revisionist powers while neorealism regards states as unitary actors.
  4. neo-realists attempt to construct a more rigorous and scientific approach to the study of international politics, heavily influenced by the behaviorist revolution of the 1960’s while classical realism confine its analyses to subjective valuations of international relations
51
Q

What are defensive and offensive realism?

A

Defensive Realism (Waltz, 1979) stresses that, although states fear each other, this does not compel them to pursue power at all costs and neither do they seek to establish dominance over other states.

Offensive Realism: John Mearsheimer (2001) hypothesized that the nature of the international system is such that states are always fearful and concerned that, due to global anarchy, their security may be compromised at any time.

52
Q

What does neo-liberalism want?

A

more free trade, believes more in MNC power, financial globalization, ending protectionism (some call this ruthless capitalism because competition becomes extreme and hurts poorer nations)

53
Q

Describe the concept of Democratic Peace in neo-liberalism.

A

international security and stability is only achieved by increasing the number of liberal-democratic states.

54
Q

What are the differences between liberalism and neoliberalism?

A

interstate co-operation as important but believed that states, rational and that their actions were primarily motivated by the desire to maximize utility.

differed from Democratic Peace in that, rather than seeing shared norms as preventing war, neo-Idealists stress that the mere presence of democratic states is insufficient

Under globalization, neo-Idealists see the state as having diminished in importance.

55
Q

Why do neoliberalists call for a global society?

A

The state is unable to deal with serious global problems on its own. Therefore, neo-Idealists call for global collective action but also stress that democracy, rather than stemming from state structures, needs to transcend national borders as well as permeate all aspects of global social life. Neo-Idealists therefore stress the notion of a global civil society, which can only be achieved through meaningful reforms. Reforms in this context does not necessarily mean that increasing numbers of states become democracies, but rather refers to the democratization of all realms of international and domestic life through which ordinary citizens achieve a voice in global matters that affect them.

56
Q

What are post-Cold War changes linked to globalization?

A
  1. increase in the number of states
  2. the number of failed states increased/international terrorism
  3. new forms of international conflict
  4. third wave of democracy
  5. global importance/spread of capitalism
  6. transnational civil society
  7. many examples of regional integration
  8. globalization made isolation impossible

POL 253 (3 decks)

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