Unit 2a - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
urbanisation and fact
- increase in the amount of people living in urban areas
- 2007, UN announced more than 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas
where does urbanisation happen?
LICs and NEEs rates are much faster than HICs, because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.
causes of urbanisation
- rural-urban migration: movement of people from rural to urban areas
- natural increase: birth rate exceeds death rate
push and pull factors for rural-urban migration
push:
-natural disasters
-war and conflict
-mechanisation
-drought
-lack of employment
pull:
-more jobs
-better education and healthcare
-increase quality of life
-following family members
increase in BR and decrease in DR, Natural increase
increase in BR:
-high % of population are child-bearing age which leads to high fertility rate
-lack of contraception ore education on family planning
lower DR:
-higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
-improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate
megacity
- urban area with over 10 mill living there
- 2/3 of current megacities located in either NEEs (Brazil) and LICs (Nigeria)
- amount increase from 28 to 41 by 2030
sustainable urban living
live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can also use them
water conservation
- collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
- installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
- educating
energy conservation how
- renewable energy resources
- energy sufficient
- use less energy
creating green space advantages
- provide natural cooler areas for relaxing
- exercise
- reduces risk of flooding from surface runoff
why and how to do waste recycling
more recycling - fewer resources needed less waste - reduces amount going to landfill -collection of household waste -more local recycling facilities -awareness
East Village: sustainable strategies
- rainwater used to flush
- green roofs
- local buses connected to underground
- cycle routes and footpaths
- zero carbon homes
integrated transport system
linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and surrounding areas
brownfield site
area of land or premises that has been previously used, subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated
traffic management
urban areas with many people cause traffic congestion that can lead to many problems
Traffic management: Environmental problems
increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases, leading to climate change
Traffic management: Economic problems
make people late for work and business deliveries take longer, companies loose money
Traffic management: Social problems
greater risk of accidents and congestion can lead to health issues for pedestrians
congestion solutions
- widen roads
- ring roads and bypasses
- park and ride
- car-sharing schemes
- public transport, cycle lanes, cycle hire schemes
- congestion charges discourage drivers from entering city centre
Traffic management CAMBRIDGE: issues + solutions
issues: -city growing -narrow streets -tourists solutions: -3 park and rides -guided busway -cycle routes -hopper buses -pedestrianised zones -clever bollards
greenbelt area
zone of land surrounding city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast
urban regeneration
investment in revival of old, urban areas by improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding
location and background RIO
- coastal city in south east region of Brazil, South America
- 2nd most populated city in the country (6.5m)
city’s importance RIO
- 2nd largest GDP in Brazil, headquarters to many of Brazil’s main companies
- Sugar Loaf mountain, one of the seven wonders
- one of most visited places in Southern Hemisphere
- hosted 2014 World Cup and 2016 summer olympics
migration to RIO
- Portuguese settlers with slaves in 1502, now home to various ethnic groups
- millions have migrated from rural areas who suffered from draughts, lack of service, and unemployment. to search for better quality of life
- expanding population has resulted in rapid urbanisation of rio
city’s opportunities RIO
SOCIAL: standard of living gradually improving. Rio Carnival is cultural event.
ECONOMIC: Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country. various types of employment (oil, retail, manufacturing)
ENVIRONMENTAL: hosting of major sports events encouraged investment in sewage and transport
city challenges RIO
SOCIAL: severe shortage in housing, schools and healthcare available. social inequality is creating tension between rich and poor.
ECONOMIC: rise of informal jobs. high employment in Favelas
ENVIRONMENTAL: Favelas are established around the city, typically on unfavourable land, like hills
self-help schemes - Rocinha, Bairro Project RIO
- authorities has provided basis materials to improve people’s homes with safe electricity and sewage pipes
- government demolished houses and created new estates
- community policing established, tougher stance on gangs with military backed police
- investment in new road and rail network to reduce pollution and increase connection between rich and poor areas
location and background LONDON
SE, UK. river thames important as a port. easiest place to build bridge. young pop. multi-cultural
city’s importance LONDON
- uk capital
- biggest city in uk- 1 in 8
- world city
- economic- many company HQ’s
- cultural- west end, national gallery, British museum
- tourism- Big Ben, Buckingham palace
migration to LONDON
- romans, the saxons and normans all settled here
- international migrants from India, Pakistan and the Caribbean came here to work after WW2
- 2007 onwards, migrant from Eastern Europe
city’s opportunities LONDON
SOCIAL: shops, bars, restaurants- often in distinct areas of ethnic segregation
ECONOMIC: silicon round-about in shoreditch home to high tech start ups. docklands area used to be in decline now centre for finance.
ENVIRONMENTAL: one of world greenest cities (47% green space), garden bridge project stopped
city challenges LONDON
SOCIAL: house prices increased with house shortages. foreign buyers-price out key workers, poverty in some areas
ECONOMIC: cross rail (East-West route) encourages jobs, faster. inequalities
ENVIRONMENTAL: air pollution - regularly breaks EU regulations. 1/4 waste in landfill
regeneration - olympic area- why + main features LONDON
-old industries moved out (derelict land) poorest areas in London. high unemployment main features: -9000 new homes, 1/2 community housing -land cleaned -12000 permanent jobs -media centre -westfield
