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Geography GCSE > Unit 2a - Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Unit 2a - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation and fact

A
  • increase in the amount of people living in urban areas

- 2007, UN announced more than 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas

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2
Q

where does urbanisation happen?

A

LICs and NEEs rates are much faster than HICs, because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.

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3
Q

causes of urbanisation

A
  • rural-urban migration: movement of people from rural to urban areas
  • natural increase: birth rate exceeds death rate
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4
Q

push and pull factors for rural-urban migration

A

push:
-natural disasters
-war and conflict
-mechanisation
-drought
-lack of employment
pull:
-more jobs
-better education and healthcare
-increase quality of life
-following family members

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5
Q

increase in BR and decrease in DR, Natural increase

A

increase in BR:
-high % of population are child-bearing age which leads to high fertility rate
-lack of contraception ore education on family planning
lower DR:
-higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
-improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate

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6
Q

megacity

A
  • urban area with over 10 mill living there
  • 2/3 of current megacities located in either NEEs (Brazil) and LICs (Nigeria)
  • amount increase from 28 to 41 by 2030
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7
Q

sustainable urban living

A

live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can also use them

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8
Q

water conservation

A
  • collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
  • installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
  • educating
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9
Q

energy conservation how

A
  • renewable energy resources
  • energy sufficient
  • use less energy
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10
Q

creating green space advantages

A
  • provide natural cooler areas for relaxing
  • exercise
  • reduces risk of flooding from surface runoff
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11
Q

why and how to do waste recycling

A 
more recycling - fewer resources needed 
less waste - reduces amount going to landfill 
-collection of household waste
-more local recycling facilities 
-awareness
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12
Q

East Village: sustainable strategies

A
  • rainwater used to flush
  • green roofs
  • local buses connected to underground
  • cycle routes and footpaths
  • zero carbon homes
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13
Q

integrated transport system

A

linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and surrounding areas

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14
Q

brownfield site

A

area of land or premises that has been previously used, subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated

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15
Q

traffic management

A

urban areas with many people cause traffic congestion that can lead to many problems

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16
Q

Traffic management: Environmental problems

A

increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases, leading to climate change

17
Q

Traffic management: Economic problems

A

make people late for work and business deliveries take longer, companies loose money

18
Q

Traffic management: Social problems

A

greater risk of accidents and congestion can lead to health issues for pedestrians

19
Q

congestion solutions

A
  • widen roads
  • ring roads and bypasses
  • park and ride
  • car-sharing schemes
  • public transport, cycle lanes, cycle hire schemes
  • congestion charges discourage drivers from entering city centre
20
Q

Traffic management CAMBRIDGE: issues + solutions

A 
issues:
-city growing
-narrow streets 
-tourists
solutions:
-3 park and rides
-guided busway
-cycle routes
-hopper buses 
-pedestrianised zones
-clever bollards
21
Q

greenbelt area

A

zone of land surrounding city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast

22
Q

urban regeneration

A

investment in revival of old, urban areas by improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding

23
Q

location and background RIO

A
  • coastal city in south east region of Brazil, South America
  • 2nd most populated city in the country (6.5m)
24
Q

city’s importance RIO

A
  • 2nd largest GDP in Brazil, headquarters to many of Brazil’s main companies
  • Sugar Loaf mountain, one of the seven wonders
  • one of most visited places in Southern Hemisphere
  • hosted 2014 World Cup and 2016 summer olympics
25
Q

migration to RIO

A
  • Portuguese settlers with slaves in 1502, now home to various ethnic groups
  • millions have migrated from rural areas who suffered from draughts, lack of service, and unemployment. to search for better quality of life
  • expanding population has resulted in rapid urbanisation of rio
26
Q

city’s opportunities RIO

A

SOCIAL: standard of living gradually improving. Rio Carnival is cultural event.
ECONOMIC: Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country. various types of employment (oil, retail, manufacturing)
ENVIRONMENTAL: hosting of major sports events encouraged investment in sewage and transport

27
Q

city challenges RIO

A

SOCIAL: severe shortage in housing, schools and healthcare available. social inequality is creating tension between rich and poor.
ECONOMIC: rise of informal jobs. high employment in Favelas
ENVIRONMENTAL: Favelas are established around the city, typically on unfavourable land, like hills

28
Q

self-help schemes - Rocinha, Bairro Project RIO

A
  • authorities has provided basis materials to improve people’s homes with safe electricity and sewage pipes
  • government demolished houses and created new estates
  • community policing established, tougher stance on gangs with military backed police
  • investment in new road and rail network to reduce pollution and increase connection between rich and poor areas
29
Q

location and background LONDON

A

SE, UK. river thames important as a port. easiest place to build bridge. young pop. multi-cultural

30
Q

city’s importance LONDON

A
  • uk capital
  • biggest city in uk- 1 in 8
  • world city
  • economic- many company HQ’s
  • cultural- west end, national gallery, British museum
  • tourism- Big Ben, Buckingham palace
31
Q

migration to LONDON

A
  • romans, the saxons and normans all settled here
  • international migrants from India, Pakistan and the Caribbean came here to work after WW2
  • 2007 onwards, migrant from Eastern Europe
32
Q

city’s opportunities LONDON

A

SOCIAL: shops, bars, restaurants- often in distinct areas of ethnic segregation
ECONOMIC: silicon round-about in shoreditch home to high tech start ups. docklands area used to be in decline now centre for finance.
ENVIRONMENTAL: one of world greenest cities (47% green space), garden bridge project stopped

33
Q

city challenges LONDON

A

SOCIAL: house prices increased with house shortages. foreign buyers-price out key workers, poverty in some areas
ECONOMIC: cross rail (East-West route) encourages jobs, faster. inequalities
ENVIRONMENTAL: air pollution - regularly breaks EU regulations. 1/4 waste in landfill

34
Q

regeneration - olympic area- why + main features LONDON

A 
-old industries moved out (derelict land) poorest areas in London. high unemployment 
main features:
-9000 new homes, 1/2 community housing 
-land cleaned
-12000 permanent jobs
-media centre
-westfield

Geography GCSE (5 decks)

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