2b

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Economic
This is progress in economic growth through levels of industrialisation and use of technology.
Social
This is an improvement in people’s standard of living. For example, clean water and electricity.
Environmental
This involves advances in the management and protection of the environment.

Question 2

economic indicators of development

Answer 2

Employment type
The proportion of the population working in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries.
Gross Domestic Product per capita
This is the total value of goods and services produced in a country per person, per year.
Gross National Income per capita
An average of gross national income per person, per year in US dollars.

Question 3

social indicators of development

Answer 3

Infant mortality
The number of children who die before reaching 1 per 1000 babies born.
Literacy rate
The percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read and write.
Life expectancy
The average lifespan of someone born in that country.

Question 4

mixed indicators of development

Answer 4

Human Development Index (HDI)
A number that uses life expectancy, education level and income per person.

Question 5

The Demographic Transition Model

Answer 5

STAGE 1
High DR
High BR
Steady
e.g. Tribes
STAGE 2
BR Low
Declining DR
Very High
e.g. Kenya
STAGE 3
Rapidly falling DR
Low BR
High
e.g. India
STAGE 4
Low DR
Low BR
Zero
e.g. UK
STAGE 5
Slowly Falling DR
Low BR
Negative
e.g. Japan

Question 6

Physical factors affecting uneven development (4)

Answer 6

Natural Resources
*Fuel sources such as oil.
*Minerals and metals for fuel.
*Availability for timber.
*Access to safe water.
Natural Hazards
*Risk of tectonic hazards.
*Benefits from volcanic material and floodwater.
*Frequent hazards undermines redevelopment.
Climate
*Reliability of rainfall to benefit farming.
*Extreme climates limit industry and affects health.
*Climate can attract tourists.
Location/Terrain
*Landlocked countries may find trade difficulties.
*Mountainous terrain makes farming difficult.
*Scenery attracts tourists.

Question 7

Human factors affecting uneven development (6)

Answer 7

Aid
*Aid can help some countries develop key projects for infrastructure faster.
*Aid can improve services such as schools, hospitals and roads.
*Too much reliance on aid might stop other trade links becoming established.
Trade
*Countries that export more than they import have a trade surplus. This can improve the national economy.
*Having good trade relationships.
*Trading goods and services is more profitable than raw materials.
Education
*Education creates a skilled workforce meaning more goods and services are produced.
*Educated people earn more money, meaning they also pay more taxes. This money can help develop the country in the future.
Health
*Lack of clean water and poor healthcare means a large number of people suffer from diseases.
*People who are ill cannot work so there is little contribution to the economy.
*More money on healthcare means less spent on development.
Politics
*Corruption in local and national governments.
*The stability of the government can effect the country’s ability to trade.
*Ability of the country to invest into services and infrastructure.
History
*Colonialism has helped Europe develop, but slowed down development in many other countries.
*Countries that went through industrialisation a while ago, have now develop further.

Question 8

Consequences of Uneven Development

Answer 8

Wealth:
People in more developed countries have higher incomes than less developed countries.
Health:
Better healthcare means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries.
Migration:
If nearby countries have higher levels of development or are secure, people will move to seek better opportunities and standard of living.

Question 9

Reducing the Global Development Gap

Answer 9

Microfinance Loans

Foreign-direct investment

Aid

Fair trade

Debt Relief

Technology

Question 10

MICROFINANCE LOANS

Answer 10

This involves people in LICs receiving smalls loans from traditional banks.
+ Loans enable people to begin their own businesses
- Its not clear they can reduce poverty at a large scale.

Question 11

TECHNOLOGY

Answer 11

Includes tools, machines and affordable equipment that improve quality of life.
+ Renewable energy is less expensive and polluting.
- Requires initial investment and skills in operating technology

Question 12

DEBT RELIEF

Answer 12

This is when a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered.
+ Means more money can be spent on development.
- Locals might not always get a say. Some aid can be tied under condition from donor country.

Question 13

FAIR TRADE

Answer 13

This is a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced.
+ Paid fairly so they can develop schools & health centres.
-Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers.

Question 14

Foreign-direct investment

Answer 14

Foreign-direct investment
This is when one country buys property or infrastructure in another country.
+ Leads to better access to finance, technology & expertise.
- Investment can come with strings attached that country’s will need to comply with

Question 15

Aid

Answer 15

Aid
This is given by one country to another as money or resources.
+ Improve literacy rates, building dams, improving agriculture.
- Can be wasted by corrupt governments or they can become too reliant on aid.

Question 16

CS: Reducing the Development Gap In Jamaica

Answer 16

Tourist economy
-In 2015, 2.12 million visited.
-Tourism contributes 27% of GDP and will increase to 38% by 2025.
-130,000 jobs rely on tourism.
-Global recession 2008 caused a decline in tourism. Now tourism is beginning to recover.
Multiplier effect
-Jobs from tourism have meant more money has been spent in shops and other businesses.
-Government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism.
-New sewage treatment plants have reduced pollution.
Development Problems
-Tourists do not always spend much money outside their resorts.
-Infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island.
-Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack basic services such as healthcare.

Question 17

Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development

Answer 17

Political :
Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967-1970.
From 1999, the country became stable with free and fair elections.
Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA.
Cultural :
Nigeria’s diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture.
A successful national football side.
Environmental Impacts:
The 2008/09 oil spills devastated swamps and its ecosystems.
80% of forest have been cut down. This also increases CO² emissions.
Social:
Nigeria is a multi-cultural, multi-faith society.
regional conflicts
Industrial Structures:
50% of its economy is now manufacturing and services.
Changing Relationships:
leading role with the African Union and UN.
Main import includes petrol from the EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China.

Question 18

Aid & Debt relief: NIGERIA

Answer 18

+ Receives $5billion per year in aid.
+ Aid groups (ActionAid) have improved health centres, provided anti-mosquito nets and helped to protect people against AIDS/HIV.
- Some aid fails to reach the people who need it due to corruption.

Question 19

The role of TNCs NIGERIA

Answer 19

TNCs such as Shell have played an important role in its economy.
+ Investment has increased employment and income.
- Profits move to HICs.
- Many oil spills have damaged fragile environments

Question 20

Effects of Economic Development
in Nigeria

Answer 20

Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to safe water. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9.

Question 21

Causes of Economic Change in UK

Answer 21

De-industrialisation and the decline of the UK’s industrial base.
Globalisation has meant many industries have moved overseas, where labour costs are lower.
Government investing in supporting vital businesses.

Question 22

Towards Post-Industrial UK

Answer 22

The quaternary industry has increased, whilst secondary has decreased.
Numbers in primary and tertiary industry has stayed the steady.
Big increase in professional and technical jobs.

Question 23

Developments of Science Parks UK

Answer 23

Science Parks are groups of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses on a single site.
*Access to transport routes.
*Highly educated workers.
*Staff benefit from attractive working conditions.
*Attracts clusters of related high-tech businesses.

Question 24

CS: UK Car Industry

Answer 24

Every year the UK makes 1.5 million cars. These factories are owned by large TNCs. i.e. Nissan.
*7% of energy used there factories is from wind energy.
*New cars are more energy efficient and lighter.
*Nissan produces electric and hybrid cars.

Question 25

Change to a Rural Landscape UK

Answer 25

Social
Rising house prices have caused tensions in villages.
Villages are unpopulated during the day causing loss of identity.
Resentment towards poor migrant communities.

Economic
Lack of affordable housing for local first time buyers.
Sales of farmland has increased rural unemployment.
Influx of poor migrants puts pressures on local services.

Question 26

Improvements to Transport
UK

Answer 26

-A £15 billion ‘Road Improvement Strategy’. This will involve 10 new roads and 1,600 extra lanes.
-£50 billion HS2 railway to improve connections between key UK cities.
-£18 billion on Heathrow’s controversial third runway.
-UK has many large ports for importing and exporting goods.

Question 27

UK North/South Divide

Answer 27

• Wages are lower in the North.
• Health is better in the South.
• Education is worse in the North.
  + The government is aiming to support a Northern Powerhouse project to resolve regional differences.
  + More devolving of powers to disadvantaged regions.