Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuropsychology > Unit 26 > Flashcards

Unit 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurologist

A

A physician specializing in treatment of brain injury and dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cerebral vascular accident

A

A.k.a. stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infarct

A

Area of dead or dying tissue resulting from an obstruction of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common types of vascular disorders affecting the CNS

A

Ischemia, migraine stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, angioma, arteriovenous aneurisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Embolism

A

Clots or other plug brought through the blood from a larger vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Area most affected by embolism

A

Middle cerebral artery of the left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thrombosis

A

Blood clot in a vessel that has remained at the place of its formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cerebral arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of brains arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cerebral vascular insufficiency/transient ischaemia

A

Passing attacks of ischemia. Experienced as fleeting giddiness or impaired consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Migraine strokes

A

Due to spontaneous blood vessel constriction causing ischemia. Cause unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of cerebral haemorrhage

A

High blood pressure, congenital defects in arteries, blood disorders, toxic chemicals, brain trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Angioma

A

Congenitally abnormal vessels forming masses (arteriovenous malformations). Causes abnormalities in blood flow patterns and are inherently weak. Can result in stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aneurysms

A

Vascular dilation due to localize defect in a blood vessels elasticity. Usually congenital but may develop from hypertension, embolism, infection, arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Combination of medical disorders including obesity and insulin abnormalities, increases risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Contrecoup

A

Bruise from brain hitting the opposite end of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Coup

A

Bruise from brain hitting the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dementia pugilistica

A

Subsequent to repeated concussions and periods of unconsciousness. Common in boxers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

Scale that provides an indicator of unconsciousness and potential recovery. Evaluate eye-opening, motor response, and verbal response, sums them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Time when brain is most epileptogenic

A

When inactive and person is still.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three most common symptoms of epilepsy

A

Onset of aura, loss of consciousness, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Four common types of seizures

A

Focal seizures, generalized seizures, akinetic seizures, and myoclonic spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Focal seizures

A

Originate in a point in the near cortex representing a region of the body, or movement is first scene. Movement spreads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

Type of focal seizure originating usually in the temporal lobe. Characterized by subjective experiences prior to the attack, automatisms, and postural changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Automatisms

A

Automatic, non-reflexive actions performed without conscious volition. E.g. lip smacking, chewing, undoing buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Bilaterally symmetrical and without focal on set. Includes loss of consciousness and stereotyped motor activity. Has three stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Three stages of generalized seizures

A

Tonic- body stiffens and breathing stops
Clinic- rhythmic shaking
Postseizure- lack of affect and confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Akinetic seizures

A

Usually only in children. Very short duration, child usually falls down and gets up after a few seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A

Massive seizures consisting of sudden flexion or extension of the body

29
Q

Encapsulated tumour

A

Brain tumour developing as a distinct entity, puts pressure on other parts of the brain. Maybe cystic

30
Q

Infiltrating tumours

A

Not clearly distinct from surrounding tissue, may destroy healthy cells

31
Q

Neoplasm

A

A.k.a. tumour

32
Q

Glioma

A

45% of brain tumors. Arise from glial cells, infiltrate brain substance. Vary considerably

33
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumour attached to the meninges. Grow outside the brain, well encapsulated, most benign. May develop between hemispheres and be difficult to remove. May erode skull.

34
Q

Metastatic tumor

A

Has been transferred from elsewhere in the body. Usually multiple tumors, poor prognosis

35
Q

Pain sensitive structures within the skull

A

Venous sinuses, Dura Mater, large arteries of the brain, branches of the fifth ninth and 10th cranial nerves, first and third cervical nerves

36
Q

Types of headaches

A

Migraine, headache due to neurological disease, muscle contraction headache, and non-migrainous vascular headache

37
Q

Classic migraine

A

12%. Preceded by aura during vasoconstriction, then pain during vasodilation.

38
Q

Common migraine

A

80%. No aura, but gastrointestinal or other signal may precede an attack

39
Q

Cluster headache

A

Unilateral pain in head or face, rarely lasts longer than two hours. Recurs repeatedly for weeks or months before disappearing.

40
Q

Rarest types of migraine

A

Hemiplegic and ophthalmologic migraine. Loss of movement on one side of the body or of the eyes

41
Q

Muscle contraction headache

A

Due to sustained attention in muscles of scalp and neck. Often due to poor posture or stress. Caffeine may exacerbate

42
Q

Ergotamine compounds

A

Often given in conjunction with caffeine to construct cerebral arteries and alleviate migraine

43
Q

Viral meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges due to infection. E.g. west Nile virus

44
Q

Amebiasis

A

A.k.a. dysentery. Infection of a parasite causing encephalitis and brain abscesses

45
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by a protozoan parasite. Plasmodia infects brains capillaries, producing haemorrhages and neuron degeneration

46
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Auto immune disorder attacking muscle receptors for acetylcholines. Causes extreme muscular fatigue. Treatment includes acetylcholine therapy, immunosuppressants, and thymectomy

47
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Caused by a virus that attacks spinal cord motor neurons. Causes muscle wasting and eventually asphyxia. May interfere with acetylcholine synthesis

48
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Motor fibre myelin is lost in scars called sclerotic plaques. May be generic or environmental

49
Q

Paraplegia

A

Legs paralyzed due to complete transaction of spinal cord

50
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome

A

Unilateral transaction through spinal cord. Contralateral side loses pain and temperature sensation. Ipsilateral side loses find touch and pressure sensation. Walking ability is recovered within days due to bilateral control

51
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Loss of voluntary movements on one side, postural tone, summary flexes. Due to damage to neocortex and basal ganglia

52
Q

Babinski sign

A

OK extensor plantar response. Stroking bottom of foot causes curling of toes. Hemiplegic people and infants extend foot

53
Q

Abdominal reflex

A

Causes abdominal muscles to retract and stroked

54
Q

Cremasteric reflex

A

Causes balls to retract when inner thigh stroked

55
Q

Reflexes altered in hemiplegic patients

A

Babinski sign, abdominal reflex, cremasteric reflex

56
Q

Components of examination in sleep laboratory

A

EEG, electromyogram, thermometer, electro-oculogram

57
Q

Electromyogram

A

Records muscle activity

58
Q

Electro-oculogram

A

Records eye-movement

59
Q

Two major groups of sleep disorders

A

Narcolepsy and insomnia

60
Q

Varieties of narcolepsy

A

Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

61
Q

Sleep attacks

A

Brief episodes of an REM sleep for 15 minutes at any time.

62
Q

Cataplexy

A

Complete loss of muscle tone and collapse. Person remains conscious. During times of excitement. May be an attack of REM sleep

63
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

During transition from wakefulness to sleep. Can be aroused.

64
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Dreams a person has in sleep paralysis

65
Q

Some reasons for insomnia

A

Nightmares and night terrors, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, myoclonus, drug use and brain damage

66
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Unpleasant sensation in the legs that are relieved by moving them. Maybe due to iron deficiency, Parkinson’s, anemia, kidney failure, diabetes, etc. may have periodic limb movement in sleep

67
Q

Obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Collapse of oral pharynx during paralysis of dreams sleep. Have history of loud snoring. Reduce their surgical intervention and wearable devices

68
Q

Central sleep apnoea

A

Stems from a CNS disorder. Primarily affects males. Failure of the diaphragm and accessory muscles to move

Neuropsychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions