Unit 24

Question 1

Two types of dyslexia

Answer 1

Developmental and acquired

Question 2

Symptoms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 2

Hyperactivity, emotional lability, perceptual motor impairments, coordination deficits, attention disorders, impulsivity, disorders of memory and thinking, etc.

Question 3

Lexicon

Answer 3

Memory store that contains words and their meanings, how they can be combined, how they’re associated

Question 4

Two types of reading

Answer 4

Phonological and graphemic

Question 5

Phonological reading

Answer 5

Sounding out phonemes

Question 6

Graphemic reading

Answer 6

A.k.a. whole word reading. Word is memorized as a whole

Question 7

Theories on causes of reading disorders

Answer 7

Final logical, attention, sensory, and motor theories

Question 8

Phonological deficiency in reading disorders

Answer 8

Difficulty decomposing words into constituent speech sounds, called phonemic awareness. May stem from impairments in the brain’s language processing systems

Question 9

Attentional deficiency in reading disorders

Answer 9

Thought to be due to slow attention shifting, issue selecting letters. Arises in the parietal lobe association areas.

Question 10

Sensory deficiency in reading disorders

Answer 10

Impaired sensory discrimination similar to auditory. May stem from deficits in the magnocellular part of the visual system. May have disturbed detection of visual motion causing letters to seem to jump around. Colour filters may help

Question 11

Motor deficiency in reading disorders

Answer 11

Cerebellar theory. Impaired cerebellum leading to impaired ability to process rapid sensory information and shift attention. Little evidence for this

Question 12

ACID profile

Answer 12

Characteristics of many dyslexic children. Have low scores in arithmetic, coding, information, and digit span. Only reliable over the age of eight

Question 13

Frontal brain regions implicated in ADHD

Answer 13

Ventral frontal regions, basal ganglia.

Question 14

Cerebral palsy

Answer 14

Not a disease, but an administrative term for people who are disabled in different ways due to non-progressive brain abnormalities.

Question 15

Athetoid

Answer 15

Making slow involuntary movements

Question 16

Spastic

Answer 16

Limbs resist being moved

Question 17

Hyperlexia

Answer 17

Unusual reading ability in otherwise cognitively impaired people, such as children with autism

Question 18

Anatomical correlates of autism

Answer 18

Larger head and brain by age 1. Cell division, cell loss, and synaptic pruning may be a typical. Von economo neurons may be impaired. Area of pons connecting to facial nerve is small

Question 19

Genetic contributions to autism

Answer 19

Gene called DUF 1220 on chromosome one implicated. Copy number associated with increased brain size, in autism it causes the production of excess neurons which have poorly formed connections

Question 20

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 20

Abnormality of FMR1 gene on X chromosome. Twice is common in males. Causes learning and behavioural deficits, facial abnormalities.Codes for a protein involved in building axons and dendrites expands, receptors for glutamate and GABA

Question 21

Mechanism of foetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 21

Probably blocked potassium channels resulting in apoptosis

Question 22

Geschwind-Galaburda theory

Answer 22

Theory explaining while learning disabilities are more often seen in males. Posits that testosterone in utero pauses development of the left hemisphere so that the right hemisphere can develop. Just goes wrong. Siri comes from observation that Plenum temporarily is usually larger, but males often deviate from this pattern.Autism symptoms are related to exaggerated male brain features

Question 23

The birthday effect

Answer 23

Children born in first quarter of the year tend to have better achievement in education and sports

Question 24

Blobs

Answer 24

Appear one layer six is stained with cytochrome oxidase. The stains mitochondria and shows areas of high metabolic activity. Blobs have a role in colour perception.

Question 25

Barrels

Answer 25

Appear when a rats S1 is stained. Correspond to individual vibrissae on a rats face

Question 26

Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

Answer 26

Excites the basal ganglia, inhibits the thalamus and decreases movement force

Question 27

Direct pathway of the basal ganglia

Answer 27

Inhibits the globus pallidus, so the thalamus is excited and amplifies movement