Unit 24 Flashcards
Two types of dyslexia
Developmental and acquired
Symptoms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders
Hyperactivity, emotional lability, perceptual motor impairments, coordination deficits, attention disorders, impulsivity, disorders of memory and thinking, etc.
Lexicon
Memory store that contains words and their meanings, how they can be combined, how they’re associated
Two types of reading
Phonological and graphemic
Phonological reading
Sounding out phonemes
Graphemic reading
A.k.a. whole word reading. Word is memorized as a whole
Theories on causes of reading disorders
Final logical, attention, sensory, and motor theories
Phonological deficiency in reading disorders
Difficulty decomposing words into constituent speech sounds, called phonemic awareness. May stem from impairments in the brain’s language processing systems
Attentional deficiency in reading disorders
Thought to be due to slow attention shifting, issue selecting letters. Arises in the parietal lobe association areas.
Sensory deficiency in reading disorders
Impaired sensory discrimination similar to auditory. May stem from deficits in the magnocellular part of the visual system. May have disturbed detection of visual motion causing letters to seem to jump around. Colour filters may help
Motor deficiency in reading disorders
Cerebellar theory. Impaired cerebellum leading to impaired ability to process rapid sensory information and shift attention. Little evidence for this
ACID profile
Characteristics of many dyslexic children. Have low scores in arithmetic, coding, information, and digit span. Only reliable over the age of eight
Frontal brain regions implicated in ADHD
Ventral frontal regions, basal ganglia.
Cerebral palsy
Not a disease, but an administrative term for people who are disabled in different ways due to non-progressive brain abnormalities.
Athetoid
Making slow involuntary movements
Spastic
Limbs resist being moved
Hyperlexia
Unusual reading ability in otherwise cognitively impaired people, such as children with autism
Anatomical correlates of autism
Larger head and brain by age 1. Cell division, cell loss, and synaptic pruning may be a typical. Von economo neurons may be impaired. Area of pons connecting to facial nerve is small
Genetic contributions to autism
Gene called DUF 1220 on chromosome one implicated. Copy number associated with increased brain size, in autism it causes the production of excess neurons which have poorly formed connections
Fragile X syndrome
Abnormality of FMR1 gene on X chromosome. Twice is common in males. Causes learning and behavioural deficits, facial abnormalities.Codes for a protein involved in building axons and dendrites expands, receptors for glutamate and GABA
Mechanism of foetal alcohol syndrome
Probably blocked potassium channels resulting in apoptosis
Geschwind-Galaburda theory
Theory explaining while learning disabilities are more often seen in males. Posits that testosterone in utero pauses development of the left hemisphere so that the right hemisphere can develop. Just goes wrong. Siri comes from observation that Plenum temporarily is usually larger, but males often deviate from this pattern.Autism symptoms are related to exaggerated male brain features
The birthday effect
Children born in first quarter of the year tend to have better achievement in education and sports
Blobs
Appear one layer six is stained with cytochrome oxidase. The stains mitochondria and shows areas of high metabolic activity. Blobs have a role in colour perception.
Barrels
Appear when a rats S1 is stained. Correspond to individual vibrissae on a rats face
Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia
Excites the basal ganglia, inhibits the thalamus and decreases movement force
Direct pathway of the basal ganglia
Inhibits the globus pallidus, so the thalamus is excited and amplifies movement
