Unit 25

Question 1

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Answer 1

A progressive degenerative disease following multiple concussions

Question 2

Levels of analysis of plasticity

Answer 2

Behavior, neural imaging, cortical maps, physiology, synaptic organization, mitotic activity, molecular structure

Question 3

Focal hand dystonia

Answer 3

Loss of motor control of one or more digits due to fusion of digit motor maps. After repetitive, synchronous movements

Question 4

Two methods of studying plasticity through physiology

Answer 4

Long term potentiation and kindling

Question 5

Kindling

Answer 5

Development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to a sub convulsant stimulus. Like LTP. Involves production of neurotrophic growth factors

Question 6

Studying plasticity through synaptic organization

Answer 6

Using Golgi type stains to show dendritic arborization and using electron microscope’s to inspect synapse number and size. Requires post Mortem tissue.

Question 7

Mitotic activity of olfactory bulbs cells

Answer 7

Stem cell mitosis along walls of lateral ventricles in sub ventricular zone. Migrate along rostral migratory Stream

Question 8

Location of precursor cells in the hippocampus

Answer 8

Located between granule cell layer and the hilus

Question 9

Gene chip arrays

Answer 9

Miniature grid exposed to neural tissue. Particular genes present in the tissue react with a substance at various locations on the chip. Detect epigenetic changes following life experiences

Question 10

Experience expectant plasticity

Answer 10

Occurs during development. Certain brain systems require specific types of experience to develop. E.g. ocular dominance columns

Question 11

Experience dependent plasticity

Answer 11

Brain changes in response to experiences throughout the lifetime. E.g. problem-solving, response to drugs,

Question 12

Meta-plasticity

Answer 12

The attempt to determine how the experiences of a lifetime interact

Question 13

Series of events following ischaemia

Answer 13

Changes in pH and properties of cell membrane. Causes massive release of glutamate an opening of calcium channels. Influx of calcium instigates second messenger pathways, resulting in mRNA stimulation, protein production. Inflammation, swelling, diaschisis

Question 14

Neuroprotectant drugs

Answer 14

Can block calcium channels, prevent ionic imbalance, reduce swelling, or enhance metabolic activity.

Question 15

Stages of recovery from motor cortex damage

Answer 15

Return of reflexes, development of rigidity, grasping facilitated by other movements, development of voluntary grasping. Sequential from shoulder to hand. First flexor, then extensor.

Question 16

Trends in aphasia recovery

Answer 16

Head injury patients recover better than stroke patients. Most recovery occurs in first three months some in following six months little after

Question 17

Language components most resistant to brain damage

Answer 17

Naming, oral imitation, noun comprehension, and yes no responses. Maybe mediated by right hemisphere

Question 18

People most likely to recover from brain injury

Answer 18

Young, left-handed females. Highly intelligent, optimistic, extroverted, and easy-going people. People with less functional lateralization

Question 19

Constraint induced movement therapy

Answer 19

Forcing the patient to perform daily activities with the impaired limb, finding the healthy limb for hour long sessions over weeks.

Question 20

Mechanism of tactile stimulation

Answer 20

Skin may release neurotrophic factors which travel to the brain. Correlated with changes in dendritic length and spine density.

Question 21

Sensecam

Answer 21

Small camera on a lanyard that automatically takes photos at fix time periods. The where can later review them. For memory impairment

Question 22

Nogo-A

Answer 22

An endogenous compound that inhibits axon sprouting and regeneration. Administering an antibody stimulates axon generation in cortical pyramidal neurons.

Question 23

Posterior cortex

Answer 23

Can prompt relatively automatic movements, specifies movement goals and send sensory information to frontal regions.

Question 24

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 24

Gets instructions from posterior cortex, generates plans for movements that are passed on to pre-motor and motor cortex

Question 25

Premotor cortex

Answer 25

Has a movement repertoire/lexicon. Recognizes others movements and select similar or different actions. Just anterior to M1

Question 26

Primary motor cortex

Answer 26

Consists of more elementary movements than the promoter lexicon

Question 27

Lenneberg and Kimuras left for language theory version

Answer 27

Says that the left hemisphere is actually specialized for certain voluntary motor functions, both verbal and nonverbal. Left lesions disturb voluntary movement, lead to aphasia and apraxia. Speech started as motor signing.

Question 28

Splenium

Answer 28

Posterior part of corpus callosum, which is larger in women

Question 29

Chimpanzee brain asymmetries

Answer 29

In both Broca’s area and the planum temporale