Unit 2 - Week 3 - Greenblatt 1 and 2, Shrimpton, McCrone 2, Moffat 8

Question 1

When a patient presents with hepatitis, what in particular should be ruled out first?

Answer 1

Drug causes, overdoses/interactions

Question 2

Characteristic identifiers of Hepatitis A:

Answer 2

PRINS
Picornavirus
ssRNA
icosahedral
naked

Question 3

Hightened ALT is an indication of:

Answer 3

ongoing liver damage

Question 4

Hepatitis B characteristic identifiers:

Answer 4

PHED
Partly double-stranded
Hepadnavirus
Enveloped
DNA

Question 5

Thousand-fold immunological decoys are characteristic of what virus?

Answer 5

Hepatitis B, ties up all antibodies and lets virus replicate. Immunogenic response appears as no immune response.

Question 6

What is the difference in transmission of Hep B in third world countries vs. first world?

Answer 6

In US, transmission is by IV drug use and sexual exposure, whereas in developing countries, transmission is vertical, and most children have lifelong shedding but no liver failure.

Question 7

What are the characteristic identifiers of Hep C?

Answer 7

FRES+
Flavavirus
+ssRNA
enveloped

Question 8

True or False: Antibodies to Hepatitis C are not protective for future infection.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

RIBA, the Recombinant Immunoblot Assay test, is confirmatory for:

Answer 9

Hep C

Question 10

Serology dx for Hep A is:

Answer 10

IgM - acute

IgG - previous infection/vaccination

Question 11

Serology dx for Heb B is:

Answer 11

viral surface antigen - acute

IgG - recovered/vaccinated

Question 12

Serology dx for Hep C is:

Answer 12

EIA - real or false positive

RIBA - confirmation

Question 13

Grueling treatment and uncertain symptoms for Heb B and C has what social complications?

Answer 13

Patients seeking alternative therapy. Make sure to respectfully find out a patient’s regimen to incorporate “complimentary therapy” but stick to their medication.

Question 14

B and C can cause:

Answer 14

chronic cirrhosis/cancer

Question 15

Polymerase inhibitors with tough side effects are tx for:

Answer 15

Hep B/C

Question 16

Fungi have cell walls of:

Answer 16

chitin

Question 17

Fungal cell membranes have what instead of cholesterol?

Answer 17

Ergosterol

Question 18

Yeasts bud, while molds grow as __1__ in a mat called a __2__.

Answer 18

1. Hyphae

2. Mycelium

Question 19

Fungi that form large single sexual spores with thick walls are:

Answer 19

zygospores

Question 20

Yeast and some other molds have ____ mitosis

Answer 20

closed

Question 21

Explain the concept of thermal dimorphism.

Answer 21

Several important fungi pathogens grow as mold at 24C and as yeast at 37C. Yeast form has more immune-evasive properties. Dual cultures are useful for diagnosis.

Question 22

Which consideration most limits the use of polyene antifungal drugs?

Answer 22

Toxicity

Question 23

True or False: Candida can be gram stained.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

In a light microscope, how can you see a virus if it it physically too small?

Answer 24

CPE can be seen

Question 25

What is mycotoxicosis?

Answer 25

Toxic reaction, NOT fungal infection, caused by eating wrong mushrooms or spoiled food.

Question 26

What are the major antifungal classes?

Answer 26

Polyenes - disrupt fungal cell membranes at ergosterol insertion sites
Azoles - inhibit ergosterol synthesis
Echinocandins - inhibit beta-glucan synthesis

Question 27

What is a broad spectrum but toxic antifungal?

Answer 27

Polyenes

Question 28

What is the only systemic antifungal, but also nephrotoxic?

Answer 28

Amphotericin B

Question 29

Flucnazole/Diflucan are effective against:

Answer 29

Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis

Question 30

Echniocandins are effective against:

Answer 30

Candida and Aspergillus

Question 31

Fungal stains require:

Answer 31

KOH mount

Question 32

True or False: Fungal infection can be diagnosed by PPD.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What kind of culture is used to grow fungi?

Answer 33

Sabouraud’s agar

Question 34

What are two major differences in the hardiness of fungi vs bacteria?

Answer 34

1. Fungi can grow in generally colder environments than most bacteria.
2. Mold can grow in higher osmotic pressure environments, is preserves, than bacteria.

Question 35

1 - q =

Answer 35

p, which we can estimate to be 1, because p + q = 1

Question 36

What is assortative mating?

Answer 36

When individuals choose mates that are more like themselves, which will increase the number of homozygotes and reduce the proportion of heterozygotes compared to HWE expectation

Question 37

The random change in allele frequency is called:

Answer 37

drift, which tends to increase homozygosity

Question 38

*Neonates with a fever are considered:

Answer 38

a pediatric emergency because they have a limited ability to cope with infection, have a limited repertoire of behaviors that can signify illness and death can rapidly ensue.

Question 39

*Screening of adolescents should include the HEADS FIRST exam:

Answer 39

H-Home (Are you having any problems at home?)
E-Education (Are you having any problems at school?)
A-Abuse (Has anyone ever abused you by their actions or words? Have you ever been forced or pressured into doing something sexual that you did not want?)
D-Drugs (have you ever used tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, e-cigarettes, or anything else to relax or get high?)
S-Safety (Do you wear a seatbelt /helmet?)
F-Friends (Are you having any problems with your friends?)
I-Image (Do you have any concerns about your looks or appearance?)
R-Recreation (What do you do for fun and exercise?)
S-Sexuality (Have you ever had any sexual experiences or concerns?)
T-Threats of harm to self or others (Do you get mad or upset easily?)