Unit 1, list 2 Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
Light Reactions
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP.”
Chlorophyll
a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms.
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
Calvin cycle
the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars.
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
NADPH
represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
Pigment
any coloured material found in a plant or animal cell
Granum
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange.
Carbon Fixation
the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.
Thylakoids
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
Carotenoids
a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
Mitochondrial matrix
the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane.
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
Fermentation
an enzyme catalyzed, metabolic process whereby organisms convert starch or sugar to alcohol or an acid anaerobically releasing energy
NADH+
“nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
Alcoholic fermentation
the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
FADH2
a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain
Anaerobic respiration
occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
Krebs cycle
The process in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
Pyruvic acid
A colorless organic liquid formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during cell metabolism
Citric acid
a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2
ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
ADP
a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates
