UNIT 2: vertebral column Flashcards
1
Q
primary curves
A
- thoracic
- sacral
2
Q
primary curves are present:
A
form before or just after birth
3
Q
secondary curves
A
- cervical
- lumbar
4
Q
cervical curve forms:
A
forms while holding up head
5
Q
lumbar curve forms:
A
forms with walking
6
Q
scoliosis
A
lateral s-shape
7
Q
kyphosis
A
- “hunchback”
- released with osteoporosis
8
Q
lordosis
A
- “swayback”
- typically during pregnancy
9
Q
typical cervical vertebrae
A
C3-C7
10
Q
typical thoracic vertebrae
A
T2-T9
11
Q
typical lumbar vertebrae
A
L1-L5
12
Q
when does the sacral vertebrae fuse
A
fuses between 16-26 years
13
Q
sacral canal contains
A
- film terminale
- S5 nerve
- coccygeal nerve
14
Q
sacral hiatus
A
5th sacral root exits here
15
Q
dorsal ridges
A
- (1) median
- (2) intermediate
- (2) lateral sacral crests
16
Q
when does the coccyx fuse
A
fuse between 20-30 years
17
Q
coccyx
A
- 3-5 fused
- site for muscle attachment
18
Q
C1
A
- “atlas”
- widest
- no spinous process or body
19
Q
C1 features
A
- anterior/posterior arches with tubercle and lateral masses
- superior articular facets are concave and receive occipital condyles
- posterior arch has groove for vertebral artery
20
Q
C2
A
- “axis”
- strong
- dens (odontoid process)
- transverse ligament of atlas holds dens in place
- bifid spinous process
- first help-able spinous process
21
Q
T1
A
- complete costal facet for 1st rib located on superior edge of body
- demifacet for head of 2nd rib located on inferior edge
22
Q
T10
A
demifacet for 10th rib on superior edge
23
Q
T11-T12
A
- complete costal facet for same number rib
- no transverse costal facets (because of floating ribs)
24
Q
intervertebral joints between bodies:
A
C2-S1
25
intervertebral joints
- symphyses (amphiarthrotic)
- articulating surfaces (hyaline cartilage) and connected by fibrocartilage
26
vertebral bodies
- united by longitudinal ligaments
-- anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
-- posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
27
intervertebral discs
- plates of fibrocartilage
- weight bearing
- thickest in cervical and lumbar regions
28
superior intervertebral disc between
C2/C3
29
inferior intervertebral disc between
L5/S1
30
disc composted of 2 regions:
- annulus fibrosus
- nucleus pulposus
31
annulus fibrosus
concentric rings of fibrocartilage and inserts into surface of vertebrae
32
nucleus pulposus
elastic, shock absorption
33
intervertebral disc clinical application
- hyper flexion may rupture disc
- herniation into vertebral canal (of nucleus pulposus)
- can compress spinal nerves
- most common lumbar region
- slow to heal because avascular
34
ALL extends from:
anterior surface of C1 to surface of sacrum
35
ALL
fibers are fixed to the discs and periosteum
36
ALL function
prevents hyperextension (only ligament to limit extension)
37
PLL extends from:
C2 to sacrum
38
PLL
well innervated with pain fibers
39
PLL function
prevents hyperflexion
40
PLL continuous with:
tectorial membrane (above C2)
41
zygapophyseal facet joints
joints of vertebral arches
42
zygapophyseal facet joint
- synovial (plane joints)
- permits gliding movements
- each joint supplied by 2 nerves
43
zygapophyseal facet joint located between:
superior and inferior articular process of adjacent vertebrae
44
ligamenta flava borad elastic bands:
thick in lumbar region
45
ligamenta flava extends from
lamina above to lamina below
46
ligamenta flava function
preserve normal curvature, prevents abrupt flexion
47
interspinous ligaments
- weakest!!
- join: adjacent spinous processes
48
supraspinous ligament
- strong: joins adjacent spinous processes
- runs: C7 to sacrum (merges with nuchal ligament)
49
intertransverse ligament connects
adjacent transverse processes
50
Atlanto-occipital
C0-C1
51
Atlanto-axial
C1-C2
52
craniovertebral joints differ in aspect from others in vertebral column by:
1. synovial only
2. no intervertebral discs
53
atlanto-occipital joint location
occipital condyles articular with superior facets of C1
54
atlanto-occipital joint movement
flexion/extension
55
atlanto-occipital joint permits
nodding of head
56
atlanto-occipital joint type
synovial: condyloid
57
anterior/posterior atlanto-occipital membrane spans
C1 to foramen magnum
58
posterior atlanto-occipital joint is ______
weaker
59
anterior/posterior Atlanto-occipital joint function
prevent excessive movement of joint
60
Atlanto-axial joint articulates between
C1-C2
61
central atlantoaxial joint
- C1 and dens C2
- type: pivot joint (rotation only)
62
lateral atlantoaxial joint
- zygopophyseal joints between C1 and C2
- type: plane (gliding)
63
excessive rotation prevents by:
alar ligament
64
transverse ligament of atlas extends between
lateral masses of C1
65
transverse ligament of atlas holds dens of C2 against
- anterior arch of C1
- forms posterior wall of socket for dens
- synovial joint
66
cruciform ligament
- superior longitudinal band that runs from transverse ligament of C1 to occiput
- inferior longitudinal band that runs from transverse ligament to C2
67
alar ligaments extend from
sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum
68
alar ligaments function
check rotation
69
tectorial membrane extends from
occipital bone to C2
70
tectorial membrane is the superior continuation of:
PLL
71
neck
vertebral arteries and ascending cervical arteries
72
thorax
posterior intercostal arteries
73
abdomen
lumbar arteries
74
pelvis
iliolumbar and sacral arteries
75
spinal artery enters through _______
intervertebral foramina
76
spinal artery then divides to form _____
radicular arteries
