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Anatomy > UNIT 2: nervous system - brain > Flashcards

UNIT 2: nervous system - brain Flashcards

1
Q

CNS parts

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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2
Q

PNS divisions

A
  1. sensory
  2. somatic motor
  3. autonomic nervous system
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3
Q

nervous system develops from:

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

neurulation: beings

A

at week 3
- step 1

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5
Q

neurulation: neuroectoderm

A

forms from ectoderm
- step 2

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6
Q

neurulation: thickens to form

A

neural plate
- step 3

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7
Q

neurulation: neural plate sinks and edges thicken ____

A

to form neural crest
- step 4

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8
Q

neurulation: neural groove forms

A
  • step 5
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9
Q

neurulation: folds fuse along midline___

A

to form neural tube
- step 6

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10
Q

neurulation: by week 4 ____

A

neural tube differentiates into 4 discrete segments

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11
Q

By 4th week neural tube has 4 major parts

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
  • spinal cord
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12
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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13
Q

mesencephalon

A

minbrain

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14
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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15
Q

prosencephalon divides to

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
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16
Q

by 5th week the neural tube has 6 components

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
  • spinal cord
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17
Q

rhombencephalon dives to

A
  • metencehalon
  • myelencephalon
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18
Q

embryonic neural tube steps

A
  1. ectoderm thickens along mid-dorsal axis
  2. formation of neural plate and neural crest
  3. cells migrate dorsally to form neural tube
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19
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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21
Q

mescencphalon

A
  • midbrain
  • corpora quadridgemina
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22
Q

metencencphalon

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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23
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose (anterior)

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25
Q

caudal

A

toward the posterior

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26
Q

male brain weighs

A

about 3 lbs

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27
Q

female brain weights

A

slightly less than 3 lbs

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28
Q

three major portions of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
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29
Q

cerebrum

A

cognition, memory, learning

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30
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination, motor control, learned movement

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31
Q

brainstem

A
  • cardiac/respiration control
  • autonomic reflexes
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32
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

gyri

A

ridges of cerebrum (increase SA)

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34
Q

sulci

A

fissures between gyri

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35
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres

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36
Q

major components of brainstem

A
  1. diencephalon
  2. midbrain
  3. pons
  4. medulla oblongata
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37
Q

gray matter (brain) location

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei

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38
Q

gray matter (brain) contains

A

unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites

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39
Q

gray matter (brain) color due to

A

cell bodies, capillaries

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40
Q

white matter (brain) location

A

tracts under the gray matter

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41
Q

white matter (brain) contains

A

myelinated axons (transmits info)

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42
Q

white matter (brain) color due to

A

myelin

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43
Q

dura mater outer perisoteal

A
  • covers inner surface of skull
  • does NOT extend beyond foramen magnum
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44
Q

dura mater inner meningeal

A

attached to arachnoid

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45
Q

fax cerebri

A

located in longitudinal fissure

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46
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

between occipital lobe of cerebellum and cerebrum

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47
Q

fax cerebelli

A

infolding interior to tentorium and partially separate cerebellar hemispheres

48
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • transparent membrane over brain surface
  • subarachnoid space separates it from Pia mater below
  • subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places
49
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

50
Q

pia mater

A

very think membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping to sulci

51
Q

meningitis

A

serious in infancy and child under 2 (highest risk)

52
Q

meningitis caused by

A
  • viral (most common)
  • bacterial
53
Q

meningitis affected meninges

A
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
54
Q

signs/symptoms of meningitis

A

headache, fever, stiff neck

55
Q

meningitis diagnosis

A

lumbar puncture to obtain CSF

56
Q

lateral ventricles

A
  • two largest cavities
  • within each cerebral hemisphere
57
Q

third ventricle

A
  • narrow
  • within the diencephalon
58
Q

fourth ventricle

A
  • connected to cerebral aqueduct
  • within the pons
59
Q

choroid plexus

A
  • modified ependymal cells + capillaries = produce CSF
  • located in each ventricle
60
Q

ependyma

A

membrane of glial cells that line the ventricles and central canal

61
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • clean, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS
  • about 100-160 mL normally present at one time
  • production beings with the filtration of blood plasma through the capillaries of the brain
62
Q

40% of CSF formed in

A

lateral ventricles

63
Q

30% of CSF formed by the

A

3rd ventricle

64
Q

30% of CSF formed by the

A

4th ventricle

65
Q

CSF has more

A

Na+ and Cl- than plasma

66
Q

CSF has less

A

K+, Ca+2, glucose and protein than plasma

67
Q

functions of CSF

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • chemical stability
68
Q

10 second interruption of blood flow may cause

A

unconsciousness

69
Q

1-2 minute interruption of blood flow may cause

A

stroke

70
Q

4 minute interruption of blood flow may cause

A

irreversible brain damage

71
Q

hindbrain develops from

A

embryonic myelencephalon

72
Q

hindbrain begins at

A

foramen magnum

73
Q

pyramids

A

triangular structure in ventral medulla contains pyramidal tracts

74
Q

olive

A

pair of oval structures on ventral surface - vasomotor control

75
Q

four pairs of cranial nerves that begin or end in the medulla

A
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  • CN XI
  • CN XII
76
Q

hindbrain contains 4 major centers

A
  1. cardiac
  2. vasomotor
  3. respiratory
  4. reflex
77
Q

pons

A
  • ascending sensory tracts
  • descending motor tracts
  • pathways in and out of cerebellum
  • cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII
78
Q

midbrain

A
  • connects the hindbrain to the forebrain
  • contains cerebral aqueduct
  • contains the motor nuclei of two cranial nerves that control eye movement (CN III, CN IV)
79
Q

tectum

A

roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

tectum contains four bulges

A

Cora quadrigemina

81
Q

tectum upper pair

A

superior colliculi (eye reflexes)

82
Q

tectum lower pair

A

inferior colliculi (ear reflexes)

83
Q

reticular formation

A
  • loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem
84
Q

reticular formation functions

A
  • somatic motor control
  • cardiovascular control
  • pain modulation
  • sleep and consciousness
  • habituation
85
Q

arbo vitae

A

white matter branching pattern

86
Q

cerebellar function

A
  • monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination
  • evaluation of sensory input
  • timekeeping center
  • planning and scheduling tasks
  • lesions may result in emotional overreactions and trouble with impulse control
87
Q

thalamus location

A

superior to brainstem - forms lateral walls of third ventricle

88
Q

massa intermedia

A

links the two masses of gray matter of thalamus across the 3rd ventricle

89
Q

thalamus function

A

relay center through which sensory signals run from spinal cord to cerebral cortex

90
Q

hypothalamus lacks

A

blood brain barrier

91
Q

hypothalamus

A

key regulator of homeostasis

92
Q

pre-central gyrus

A

motor cortex

93
Q

post-central gyrus

A

somatosensory cortex

94
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

central fissure

A

separates parietal and frontal lobes

96
Q

lateral fissure

A

separates frontal/parietal lobes from temporal

97
Q

parieto-occipital fissure

A

between parietal and occipital lobes

98
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor control, planning, mood, personality

99
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory and taste

100
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

101
Q

temporal lobe

A

smell and hearing

102
Q

insula

A

homeostatic functions and ANS

103
Q

functions of cerebrum

A
  • higher cognitive functions (executive functions, learning, motivation)
  • consciousness
  • memory
  • perception of sensation
  • control of skeletal muscles
104
Q

projection tract

A

unite cerebral cortex with lower parts of brain and spinal cord

105
Q

commissural tract

A

connect 2 hemispheres of brain (corpus callosum)

106
Q

association tract

A

connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere

107
Q

basal nuclei functions

A
  • initiates slow and controlled movements –> voluntary motor movements and eye movements
  • inhibits major motor functions
108
Q

basal nuclei disorders

A
  • parkinson’s
  • chorea
109
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

loss of neurons in substantial nigra

110
Q

chorea disease

A

abnormal muscle movements can be caused by basal nuclei issue

111
Q

wernicke area

A
  • permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech
  • when we intend to speak, this area formulates phases according to learned rules of grammar
  • transmits plan of speech to Broca area
112
Q

Broca area

A
  • generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheek and lips
  • transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles
113
Q

aprosody

A
  • lack of variations of speech
  • typical from dysfunction in areas that mirror wernicke and broca
114
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand to express speech

115
Q

confluent (broca) aphasia

A

can understand speech but struggle to get words out/use wrong words

116
Q

fluent (wernicke) aphasia

A

speak in normal sounding sentences but words are “made up”

Anatomy (19 decks)

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