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Anatomy > UNIT 2: nervous system - brain > Flashcards

UNIT 2: nervous system - brain Flashcards

1
Q

CNS parts

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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2
Q

PNS divisions

A
  1. sensory
  2. somatic motor
  3. autonomic nervous system
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3
Q

nervous system develops from:

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

neurulation: beings

A

at week 3
- step 1

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5
Q

neurulation: neuroectoderm

A

forms from ectoderm
- step 2

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6
Q

neurulation: thickens to form

A

neural plate
- step 3

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7
Q

neurulation: neural plate sinks and edges thicken ____

A

to form neural crest
- step 4

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8
Q

neurulation: neural groove forms

A
  • step 5
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9
Q

neurulation: folds fuse along midline___

A

to form neural tube
- step 6

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10
Q

neurulation: by week 4 ____

A

neural tube differentiates into 4 discrete segments

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11
Q

By 4th week neural tube has 4 major parts

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
  • spinal cord
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12
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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13
Q

mesencephalon

A

minbrain

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14
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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15
Q

prosencephalon divides to

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
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16
Q

by 5th week the neural tube has 6 components

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
  • spinal cord
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17
Q

rhombencephalon dives to

A
  • metencehalon
  • myelencephalon
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18
Q

embryonic neural tube steps

A
  1. ectoderm thickens along mid-dorsal axis
  2. formation of neural plate and neural crest
  3. cells migrate dorsally to form neural tube
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19
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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21
Q

mescencphalon

A
  • midbrain
  • corpora quadridgemina
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22
Q

metencencphalon

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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23
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose (anterior)

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25
caudal
toward the posterior
26
male brain weighs
about 3 lbs
27
female brain weights
slightly less than 3 lbs
28
three major portions of the brain
1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. brainstem
29
cerebrum
cognition, memory, learning
30
cerebellum
coordination, motor control, learned movement
31
brainstem
- cardiac/respiration control - autonomic reflexes
32
longitudinal fissure
deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres
33
gyri
ridges of cerebrum (increase SA)
34
sulci
fissures between gyri
35
corpus callosum
band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres
36
major components of brainstem
1. diencephalon 2. midbrain 3. pons 4. medulla oblongata
37
gray matter (brain) location
cerebral cortex, basal nuclei
38
gray matter (brain) contains
unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites
39
gray matter (brain) color due to
cell bodies, capillaries
40
white matter (brain) location
tracts under the gray matter
41
white matter (brain) contains
myelinated axons (transmits info)
42
white matter (brain) color due to
myelin
43
dura mater outer perisoteal
- covers inner surface of skull - does NOT extend beyond foramen magnum
44
dura mater inner meningeal
attached to arachnoid
45
fax cerebri
located in longitudinal fissure
46
tentorium cerebelli
between occipital lobe of cerebellum and cerebrum
47
fax cerebelli
infolding interior to tentorium and partially separate cerebellar hemispheres
48
arachnoid mater
- transparent membrane over brain surface - subarachnoid space separates it from Pia mater below - subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places
49
subarachnoid space
filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
50
pia mater
very think membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping to sulci
51
meningitis
serious in infancy and child under 2 (highest risk)
52
meningitis caused by
- viral (most common) - bacterial
53
meningitis affected meninges
- arachnoid mater - pia mater
54
signs/symptoms of meningitis
headache, fever, stiff neck
55
meningitis diagnosis
lumbar puncture to obtain CSF
56
lateral ventricles
- two largest cavities - within each cerebral hemisphere
57
third ventricle
- narrow - within the diencephalon
58
fourth ventricle
- connected to cerebral aqueduct - within the pons
59
choroid plexus
- modified ependymal cells + capillaries = produce CSF - located in each ventricle
60
ependyma
membrane of glial cells that line the ventricles and central canal
61
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- clean, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS - about 100-160 mL normally present at one time - production beings with the filtration of blood plasma through the capillaries of the brain
62
40% of CSF formed in
lateral ventricles
63
30% of CSF formed by the
3rd ventricle
64
30% of CSF formed by the
4th ventricle
65
CSF has more
Na+ and Cl- than plasma
66
CSF has less
K+, Ca+2, glucose and protein than plasma
67
functions of CSF
- buoyancy - protection - chemical stability
68
10 second interruption of blood flow may cause
unconsciousness
69
1-2 minute interruption of blood flow may cause
stroke
70
4 minute interruption of blood flow may cause
irreversible brain damage
71
hindbrain develops from
embryonic myelencephalon
72
hindbrain begins at
foramen magnum
73
pyramids
triangular structure in ventral medulla contains pyramidal tracts
74
olive
pair of oval structures on ventral surface - vasomotor control
75
four pairs of cranial nerves that begin or end in the medulla
- CN IX - CN X - CN XI - CN XII
76
hindbrain contains 4 major centers
1. cardiac 2. vasomotor 3. respiratory 4. reflex
77
pons
- ascending sensory tracts - descending motor tracts - pathways in and out of cerebellum - cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII
78
midbrain
- connects the hindbrain to the forebrain - contains cerebral aqueduct - contains the motor nuclei of two cranial nerves that control eye movement (CN III, CN IV)
79
tectum
roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct
80
tectum contains four bulges
Cora quadrigemina
81
tectum upper pair
superior colliculi (eye reflexes)
82
tectum lower pair
inferior colliculi (ear reflexes)
83
reticular formation
- loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem
84
reticular formation functions
- somatic motor control - cardiovascular control - pain modulation - sleep and consciousness - habituation
85
arbo vitae
white matter branching pattern
86
cerebellar function
- monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination - evaluation of sensory input - timekeeping center - planning and scheduling tasks - lesions may result in emotional overreactions and trouble with impulse control
87
thalamus location
superior to brainstem - forms lateral walls of third ventricle
88
massa intermedia
links the two masses of gray matter of thalamus across the 3rd ventricle
89
thalamus function
relay center through which sensory signals run from spinal cord to cerebral cortex
90
hypothalamus lacks
blood brain barrier
91
hypothalamus
key regulator of homeostasis
92
pre-central gyrus
motor cortex
93
post-central gyrus
somatosensory cortex
94
longitudinal fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres
95
central fissure
separates parietal and frontal lobes
96
lateral fissure
separates frontal/parietal lobes from temporal
97
parieto-occipital fissure
between parietal and occipital lobes
98
frontal lobe
voluntary motor control, planning, mood, personality
99
parietal lobe
somatosensory and taste
100
occipital lobe
vision
101
temporal lobe
smell and hearing
102
insula
homeostatic functions and ANS
103
functions of cerebrum
- higher cognitive functions (executive functions, learning, motivation) - consciousness - memory - perception of sensation - control of skeletal muscles
104
projection tract
unite cerebral cortex with lower parts of brain and spinal cord
105
commissural tract
connect 2 hemispheres of brain (corpus callosum)
106
association tract
connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere
107
basal nuclei functions
- initiates slow and controlled movements --> voluntary motor movements and eye movements - inhibits major motor functions
108
basal nuclei disorders
- parkinson's - chorea
109
Parkinson's disease
loss of neurons in substantial nigra
110
chorea disease
abnormal muscle movements can be caused by basal nuclei issue
111
wernicke area
- permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech - when we intend to speak, this area formulates phases according to learned rules of grammar - transmits plan of speech to Broca area
112
Broca area
- generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheek and lips - transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles
113
aprosody
- lack of variations of speech - typical from dysfunction in areas that mirror wernicke and broca
114
aphasia
loss of ability to understand to express speech
115
confluent (broca) aphasia
can understand speech but struggle to get words out/use wrong words
116
fluent (wernicke) aphasia
speak in normal sounding sentences but words are "made up"

Anatomy (19 decks)

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