Unit 2 Topic 8: perception Flashcards
name the two types of stimuli. Explain each one
internal stimuli: which are information or sensations that originate from within the body.
These can include feeling hungry or tired,
External stimuli: are information or sensations that originate from outside the body.
These can include conversations you are having with others
Three Main types of attention:
sustained
divided
selective
sustained attention
Sustained attention refers to focusing on one stimulus or task across a prolonged, continuous
period of time.
eg: watching a video from start to finish
Sustained attention stages
focus, maintain, and release.
How long can we sustain attention for?
Long periods of time have shown to be ineffective when sustaining attention. fatigue is a common. sustained attention is difficult in the easy intellectual situations and boring situations
Divided attention
splitting
attention across two or
more stimuli at one time
Multitasking
the act of
working on multiple tasks
at one time
selective attention
Selective attention involves exclusively focusing attention on a specific stimulus or task
while ignoring all other stimuli or tasks.
perception
the process
of selecting, organizing,
and interpreting sensory
information
Sensation
the process of
receiving and detecting
raw sensory stimuli via
sensory organs and
sending this information
to the brain
Sensory stimuli
the raw
pieces of information
that are detected by the
five senses
Visual perception
the process of becoming
consciously aware of
visual stimuli as a result of
the interactions between
the visual sensory system,
and the individual’s
internal and external
environments
Stages of sensation
reception: the process of detecting incoming information
transduction changes information into an electrochemical message
transmission sending information via the optic nerve.
Bottom-up processing
Bottom-up processing occurs as our sensory receptors receive new sensory information and do not require prior knowledge or experiences.
Top-Down processing
This type of processing is typically used when what is being perceived is relatively familiar and less complex.
Pupil
An opening in the iris that helps to control the amount of light entering the eye
Lens
Role in focusing light onto the retina
Retina
Processes images
The back layer consists of photoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Photoreceptors change light from electromagnetic waves into chemical impulses the brain can process
gestalt principles
Figure-ground: dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’, which stands out from the ‘ground’, which is its surroundings
Closure: the perceptual tendency to ‘close up’, fill in, or ignore gaps in sensory input and perceive objects as complete.
Similarity: the tendency to perceive that stimuli or parts of a stimulus that have similar features – such as size, shape, texture or colour – belong together in a unit, group, or ‘whole
Proximity (or nearness): the tendency to perceive parts of visual stimulus that are positioned close together as belonging together in a group.
Depth Cues
Depth cues are signals provided by the environment (external cues) or from within our body (internal cues) which help us to perceive how far away objects are
Pictorial depth Cues
Pictorial depth cues are named as such because they are often manipulated by artists when painting or drawing a picture.
Types of depth cues
binocular
monocular
pictorial depth cue. types
Linear perspective is the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
interposition: When one object partially obscures another, the partially obscured object will be perceived as further away than the object which obscures it (and vice versa)
Texture gradient refers to the gradual diminishing of detail that occurs in ‘surfaces’
Relative size refers to the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer
Height in the visual field refers to the location of objects in our visual field whereby objects which are located closer to the horizon
Perceptual set
Perceptual Set is the predisposition, or readiness, to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be
Influences on perceptual set
Motivation - Refers to the processes within us which activate behaviour that we direct towards achieving a particular goal. e.g umpiring decisions
Context - the setting or environment we are in influences how we perceive something. eg. fast moving light in different settings
Emotional State - our mood can influence our perception e.g shadows on the walls when scared
Past experience - our experiences influence our perception e.g police background viewing incidents
Perceptual distortion
involves an inconsistency between perceptual experience and physical reality.
Visual illusion
is consistent misinterpretation of real sensory information
