Unit 1 AOS 1 Psychology Key science skills

Question 1

What is repeatability versus reproducibility?

Answer 1

will studies produce the same results under the same conditions compared to when produced under different conditions?

Question 2

What are confounding variables? Compare this to Extraneous variables.

Answer 2

Have been found to have an effect on the DV while Extraneous variable is any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

Question 3

Define controlled variables

Answer 3

These are held constant ensuring changes to the dv are solely because of the IV

Question 4

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 4

A hypothesis uses prior knowledge to predict the outcome of the experiment.

Question 5

Define aim.

Answer 5

The aim informs people of what is trying to be achieved with in the study

Question 6

Experimenter effects are when..? This can be avoided by

Answer 6

Expectations of the researcher affect results.
This can be avoided in a single or double-blind procedure where the experimenter isn’t aware of who is receiving special treatment.

Question 7

Situational variables are?

Answer 7

Environmental factors may influence the results

Question 8

What are Order effects and how can they be fixed?

Answer 8

The orders of participants to complete experimental conditions have an effect on behavior and results.

Counterbalancing is a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

Question 9

What is the Dependent Variable?

Answer 9

The DV is a variable researchers measure for change

Question 10

Define variable.

Answer 10

Many variables are found in the experiments, and researchers investigate this relationship.

Question 11

What is the independent variable?

Answer 11

The IV is a variable manipulated by the researcher to test the effect on the dv

Question 12

What is Uncertainty in psychology?

Answer 12

lack of knowledge due to potential variation in knowledge

Question 13

Define Controlled experiement

Answer 13

The effect of the IV on the DV is tested while aiming to control other variables.

Question 14

What are participant-related variables?

Answer 14

Characteristics of a participant that may influence results

Question 15

Define the term population.

Answer 15

The group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

Question 16

What is a case study?

Answer 16

Provide highly detailed rich information about particular phenomena.
To be examined in depth providing ideas for future studies. Can combined with other research methodologies

Question 17

Define Correlational study

Answer 17

no manipulation of variables, providing information about the relationship of variables. applicable to the real world. can’t draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Question 18

A control group is..?

Answer 18

the group of participants in an experiment who receive no experimental treatment in order to serve as a baseline.

Question 19

Research methodologies fieldwork

Answer 19

can be conducted in natural settings being more applicable to the real world. Rich detailed data. occurs over a long period of time. Researchers do not precisely manipulate variables.

Question 20

Define the two Experimental designs.

Answer 20

between-subjects design: experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition.

Within -Subjects design: an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition.

Question 21

What is generalisability and how can it be improved?

Answer 21

the ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about a wider research population.
Having high external validity ensures that the sample is reflective of the population.

Question 22

Random sampling versus stratified.

Answer 22

Random sampling: any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

Stratified sampling:
Any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population involving the strata are proportionally represented.

Question 23

The placebo is a common tool in psychology? what effect can this create?

Answer 23

an inactive substance or treatment.

Placebo effect when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs

Question 24

Single-blind procedure versus double-blind procedure

Answer 24

A single-blind procedure is a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to.

A double-blind procedure is a procedure in which neither participants nor the experimenter know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to

Question 25

What types of data are common in psychology? how are they expressed?

Answer 25

Primary data data collected first-hand by a researcher Secondary data data sourced from others’ prior research Quantitative data that is expressed numerically Qualitative data that is expressed non-numerically Objective data is factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion Subjective data is informed by personal opinion, perception, or interpretation

Question 26

There are two types of validity. What do they hope to achieve?

Answer 26

Internal validity is the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to. External validity extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

Question 27

Which principle is known as the known harm concept?

Answer 27

Non-maleficence (also known as the no-harm principle) is the principle of avoiding causing harm

Question 28

Beneficence is defined as?

Answer 28

the commitment to maximizing benefits and minimizing the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action

Question 29

The ethical concept of integrity is defined as?

Answer 29

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results, whether favorable or unfavorable, in ways that contribute to public knowledge

Question 30

Justice is described as?

Answer 30

the moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action

Question 31

The final ethical concept is respect, how would you define it?

Answer 31

consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/ or instrumental value; giving due regard to the welfare, liberty and autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective; consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decision

Question 32

Informed consent and voluntary participation are defined as?

Answer 32

procedures processes that ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks (both physical and psychological), before agreeing to participate in the study a principle that ensures there is no coercion or pressure put on the participant to partake in an experiment, and they freely choose to be involved

Question 33

Deception is..? If deception is used what other ethical guidelines can be used to inform participants?

Answer 33

act of intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of a study or procedure Debriefing a procedure that ensures that, at the end of the experiment, the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results, and conclusions

Question 34

Why is confidentiality important?

Answer 34

the privacy, protection, and security of a participant’s personal information in terms of personal details and the anonymity of individual results, including the removal of identifying elements

Question 35

What do withdrawal rights allow participants to do?

Answer 35

the right of participants to be able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time during, or after the conclusion of, an experiment without penalty