Unit 1 AOS 1 Psychology Key science skills Flashcards

All of chapter one Edrolo key terms and notes.

1
Q

What is repeatability versus reproducibility?

A

will studies produce the same results under the same conditions compared to when produced under different conditions?

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2
Q

What are confounding variables? Compare this to Extraneous variables.

A

Have been found to have an effect on the DV while Extraneous variable is any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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3
Q

Define controlled variables

A

These are held constant ensuring changes to the dv are solely because of the IV

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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis uses prior knowledge to predict the outcome of the experiment.

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5
Q

Define aim.

A

The aim informs people of what is trying to be achieved with in the study

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6
Q

Experimenter effects are when..? This can be avoided by

A

Expectations of the researcher affect results.
This can be avoided in a single or double-blind procedure where the experimenter isn’t aware of who is receiving special treatment.

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7
Q

Situational variables are?

A

Environmental factors may influence the results

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8
Q

What are Order effects and how can they be fixed?

A

The orders of participants to complete experimental conditions have an effect on behavior and results.

Counterbalancing is a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

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9
Q

What is the Dependent Variable?

A

The DV is a variable researchers measure for change

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10
Q

Define variable.

A

Many variables are found in the experiments, and researchers investigate this relationship.

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11
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The IV is a variable manipulated by the researcher to test the effect on the dv

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12
Q

What is Uncertainty in psychology?

A

lack of knowledge due to potential variation in knowledge

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13
Q

Define Controlled experiement

A

The effect of the IV on the DV is tested while aiming to control other variables.

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14
Q

What are participant-related variables?

A

Characteristics of a participant that may influence results

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15
Q

Define the term population.

A

The group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

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16
Q

What is a case study?

A

Provide highly detailed rich information about particular phenomena.
To be examined in depth providing ideas for future studies. Can combined with other research methodologies

17
Q

Define Correlational study

A

no manipulation of variables, providing information about the relationship of variables. applicable to the real world. can’t draw conclusions about cause and effect.

18
Q

A control group is..?

A

the group of participants in an experiment who receive no experimental treatment in order to serve as a baseline.

19
Q

Research methodologies fieldwork

A

can be conducted in natural settings being more applicable to the real world. Rich detailed data. occurs over a long period of time. Researchers do not precisely manipulate variables.

20
Q

Define the two Experimental designs.

A

between-subjects design: experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition.

Within -Subjects design: an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition.

21
Q

What is generalisability and how can it be improved?

A

the ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about a wider research population.
Having high external validity ensures that the sample is reflective of the population.

22
Q

Random sampling versus stratified.

A

Random sampling: any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

Stratified sampling:
Any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population involving the strata are proportionally represented.

23
Q

The placebo is a common tool in psychology? what effect can this create?

A

an inactive substance or treatment.

Placebo effect when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs

24
Q

Single-blind procedure versus double-blind procedure

A

A single-blind procedure is a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to.

A double-blind procedure is a procedure in which neither participants nor the experimenter know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to

25
Q

What types of data are common in psychology? how are they expressed?

A

Primary data data collected first-hand by a researcher
Secondary data data sourced from others’ prior research

Quantitative data that is expressed numerically
Qualitative data that is expressed non-numerically

Objective data is factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion Subjective data is informed by personal opinion, perception, or interpretation

26
Q

There are two types of validity. What do they hope to achieve?

A

Internal validity is the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to.

External validity extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

27
Q

Which principle is known as the known harm concept?

A

Non-maleficence (also known as the no-harm principle) is the principle of avoiding causing harm

28
Q

Beneficence is defined as?

A

the commitment to maximizing benefits and minimizing the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action

29
Q

The ethical concept of integrity is defined as?

A

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results, whether favorable or unfavorable, in ways that contribute to public knowledge

30
Q

Justice is described as?

A

the moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action

31
Q

The final ethical concept is respect, how would you define it?

A

consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/ or instrumental value; giving due regard to the welfare, liberty and autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective; consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decision

32
Q

Informed consent and voluntary participation are defined as?

A

procedures processes that ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks (both physical and psychological), before agreeing to participate in the study

a principle that ensures there is no coercion or pressure put on the participant to partake in an experiment, and they freely choose to be involved

33
Q

Deception is..? If deception is used what other ethical guidelines can be used to inform participants?

A

act of intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of a study or procedure

Debriefing a procedure that ensures that, at the end of the experiment, the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results, and conclusions

34
Q

Why is confidentiality important?

A

the privacy, protection, and security of a participant’s personal information in terms of personal details and the anonymity of individual results, including the removal of identifying elements

35
Q

What do withdrawal rights allow participants to do?

A

the right of participants to be able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time during, or after the conclusion of, an experiment without penalty