Unit 2: The World Wars and Ultranationalism Flashcards
Ultranationalism
Fanatical patriotism, nationalism that is so extreme that it can be detrimental to international interests or cooperation.
Pacifism
The belief that any violence or war is unjustifiable and all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.
National Loyalties
Being loyal to your nation. (Ex. Quebec loyalty so you go to french parades)
Contending Loyalties
Loyalties that compete. (Ex. Getting invited to something last minute that over laps a previous commitment)
Self Determination
The power to control one’s own affairs.
Sovereignty
The political authority to control one’s own affairs. The authority to control everything over a country where as self determination is just the power and right to.
Imperialism
An outgrowth of Nationalism.
Foreign Policy
A plan of action that guided a governments decisions about its official relations with other countries.
Collective Security
The condition of protecting all members of a group or collective from danger.
War
Armed conflict between different nations .
Military Intervention
Movement of troops or forces into another counties jurisdiction in context of a political issue or dispute.
Diplomacy
The means by which a nation deals with their affairs.
Alliances
A union or association formed for mutual benefits between countries or organizations.
Cooperation
Process of working together.
Economic Sanctions
The action of cutting off trade with a country in an effort to force it to follow a particular course of action.
Foreign Aid
Any type of assistance that one country voluntarily transfers to another.
MAIN
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism
Militarism
Buildup of arms, military numbers, and the navy. Main rivalry was France and Germany.
Alliances in World War 1
Triple Entente (France, Britain, and Russia)
Triple Alliance (Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy)
Imperialism in World War 1
Many controls wanted control over counties and territories in Africa including Germany over Morocco, Britain over many large parts, and France also over Morocco. Austria, Turkey, Russia, and Germany also wanted control over the middle east for trade routes and the Balkans.
Significance of the Balkans
Assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand (Duke of Austria-Hungary) was one of the leading causes of WW1. AH wanted to keep control of their empire and others wanted control of Balkans to end the empire and for trade routes.
Assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand
Black Hand Movement was the group that killed Austria-Hungary Duke while he was visiting Serbia. This started a conflict between AH and Serbia.
Ultimatum
Austria-Hungary told Serbia to give up all their territories and arms or there would be a war.
Russian Mobilization
Russia was allied against AH in the triple entente so they agreed to help Serbia fight AH. This mobilization was started by Czar Nicholas 2.
Blank Cheque
Germany gave Austria a “blank cheque” in handling its punishment of Serbia regarding the assassination of their Duke.
Balance of Power
Everyone was trying to keep everyone at the same level while countries were trying to be better than all of their enemies.
Germany after WW1
Germany rearms against the treaty of versailles, Hitler than does not pay any war reparations. He then puts troops onto the Rhineland (Western Germany on border with France) which is against the treaty of versailles.
Hitler Appeasement
After Austria says no to forming one country he then invaded the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia). And no one did anything.
Munich Pact
Also goes by the Czech/Sudetenland crisis. Germany, Italy, Britain, and France that states Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defences to Germany.
Neville Chamberlain Appeasement
Prime Minister of the UK proclaims “peace for our times” after the Munich Pact.
Declared War
Hitler than completely takes over Czechoslovakia after he said he was done and then countries proclaim war (don’t do any action for a year because of not being ready) and he then invaded Poland.
Anschluss with Austria
Hitler tries to convince Austria to form one country.
Why did Great Britian join the war last?
They wanted to stay as the main leader of Europe and after Germany invasion of France they were worried Germany would become the leader of Europe so they then joined France and Russia in the war.
Schlieffen Plan
Germany went through neutral Belgium into the west side of France to circle over Paris and take control of it and then circle back to Russia.
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
A lack of manpower, underestimation of Belgiums troops, speed of Russias troops, and how Russia defended France immediately.
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
Open diplomacy, free trade, equal trade conditions, decrease of arms, adjust colonial claims, evacuations of central powers, return of Alsace-Lorraine, creation of multiple countries including Poland, Turkey, and the Balkans, and the creation of the League of Nations.
Key Themes of the 14 Points
Peace, freedom, and self determination.
Treaty of Versailles
This formally ended world war one. Deals with the war guilt clause, reparations, etc.
War Guilt Clause (ToV)
Forced Germany and other central powers to take the blame for world war one.
Germanys Reparations (ToV)
They had to pay 132 billions German marks and were forced to take full responsibility. They also had to decrease their military and navy.
Colonies (ToV)
Germany was forced to give up all over sea colonies and give up territories.
Rhineland (ToV)
The Rhineland (strip of Germany near France and Belgium) had to be demilitarized.
Alsace-Lorraine (ToV)
Gave this territory back to France.
Motives of France and Britain (ToV)
France: Wanted to regain its territory.
Britain: Wanted reparations and payments from Germany.
Hitlers Reaction (ToV)
Him and other soldiers were outraged and humiliated by the harsh terms.
Foreign Policy Goals of Great Britain (WW1)
Nationalism Goals: Regain position as world industrial leader, secure trade routes.
Imperialistic goals: Africa, Middle East, China, mediterranean sea.
Foreign Policy Goals of France (WW1)
Nationalistic: Recover AL, revenge against Germany.
Imperialistic: Tunis, Morocco, AL, Egypt and Sudan.
Foreign Policy Goals of Russia (WW1)
Nationalistic: Access to mediterranean sea, warm water port, Slavs allowing free passage.
Imperialistic: Balkans
Foreign Policy Goals of Germany (WW1)
Nationalistic: Balance of power, strong navy, isolate France, AH alliance, industrial giant, prevent France-Russia alliance.
Imperialistic: Morocco, Middle East, China, AL.
Foreign Policy Goals of Austria-Hungary (WW1)
Nationalistic: Germany alliance, control the Balkans.
Imperialistic: Balkans
Foreign Policy Goals of Italy (WW1)
Nationalistic: Equal accomplishment, acquisition of territory.
Imperialistic: Tunis, Trentino and Trieste.
League of Nations
To maintain international peace through negations and open diplomacy. They also wanted to reduce arms and improve global welfare.
League of Nations Failure with Japan
Japan expanded into Manchuria and it took a year to report. No sanctions were used. After the LoN tried to get them to them to stop they left the League of Nations and nothing was done.
League of Nations Failure with Italy
Italy and Mussolini annexed Abyssinian in Africa and the LoN placed limited sanctions but not enough to stop the war. They did not stand up to Mussolini and failed the promise of collective security.
Axis Agreement
Germany and Italy entered into a treaty of friendship in which they pledged to pursue a common foreign policy.
Blitzkrieg
Germanys strategy to avoid a long war in the first phase of World War 2. This happens by using mobile maneuverable forces including tanks and air support.
Battle of Britain
Britain used air force to defend their country against Nazi Germany air force. First war fought entirely by air force.
Pearl Harbour
Japan placed a bomb on a US harbour in Hawaii. It was planned to prevent the US from intervening on Japans military action in southeast Asia.
D-Day
Airborne troops dropped into beaches in Normandy. They used the element of surprise to blow up many different bridges and railroad lines to prevent the enemy from rushing reinforcements.
Hitler commits suicide
He took cyanide pills and shot himself along with his wife in their bunker. The day before Hitler was told that other powers were closing in on them. Germany then surrendered as they had no leader.
Atomic Bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The US bombed two cities in Japan in hopes of a quick surrender to reduce the number of American lives lost. This was what ended world war 2.
Nuremburg Laws
Forbid jews, romanis, blacks, and the mentally/physically handicapped from marrying, shaped populations by limiting birth of a certain type of people, forbid germans from hiring these people.
Nuremburg Race Laws
Racial identity was assigned, recorded, and made visible through badges. Nose and skull measuring used as evidence against people.
Kristallnacht
Synagogues across Germany were destroyed, Jews had to pay one billion marks for damages.
The Final Solution
A Nazi plan for the genocide of Jews. It was the code name for the murder of all jews not restricted to the European continent.
Concentration/Extermination Camps
Concentration camps were used for free labour, prisoners were worked to death, starvation, disease, poor sanitation and murder. Extermination camps were organized mass murder, mostly jews sent, used cyanide gas in gas chambers.
Nuremburg Trials
Trial of war criminals from Germany following WW2, 24 Nazi members are tried for crimes against humanity, most are sentenced to life in prison or death by hanging.
The Holodomor
The great famine of Ukraine, man made famine. Stalin took measures to keep Ukraine from seeking sovereignty. Stalin caused peasant people to give up their land for collective farms.
Propaganda
Biased information used to promote or publicize a particular political point of view.
Indoctrination
The process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically.
Glorification of the Past
Making excuses for past issues that are seen as bad turn to “good” to convince people of something.
Scapegoating
Blaming the blame on a person or group of people when it is not their fault. (Ex. Jews in Germany)
Why was World War 2 a turning point?
It led to many social, political, and cultural changes in the entire planet.
How did WW2 lead to decolonization?
It spread African nationalism which led to their fight for independence. The war affected a bunch of nations politically, economically, and militarily.
India after the World War 2
Gandhi formed a non violent protest for Indian Independence. Britain colonized many nations in the area including Pakistan and Sri Lanka. After independence was gained the Hindus and Muslim’s had violent fights to where they split into the separate counties.
Successor State
A country created from a previous state.
Yugoslavia Independance
After the Soviet Union collapsed, many Balkan nations separated such as Slovenia and Croatia and then Macedonia and Bosnia. Serbia and Montenegro stayed in Yugoslavia uber Milosevic.
Czechoslovakia Independence
After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia left the Soviet Union. Later on it then split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
