Unit #2: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis test

Question 1

What are 3 different ways to treat cancer?

Answer 1

Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

Question 2

What is apoptosis?

Answer 2

a programmed cell death

Question 3

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

Answer 3

Prohpase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 4

what are the two main stages of cell division?

Answer 4

interphase and the m-phase

Question 5

what phase does a cell spend most of its life in

Answer 5

interphase

Question 6

What are the two reasons why cells have to divide?

Answer 6

Growth and repair

Question 7

What is the name of the proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Answer 7

External Regulators, Internal regulators

Question 8

What are the two types of tumors?

Answer 8

benign and malignant

Question 9

How many chromosomes are found in human body cells?

Answer 9

46

Question 10

How many chromosomes are found in human sex cells?

Answer 10

23

Question 11

What happens during prophase?

Answer 11

It is the longest phase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and spindle fibers form (prepping stage)

Question 12

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 12

chromosomes line up in the middle of the dividing cell

Question 13

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 13

Spindle fibers separate the sister chromatids and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

Question 14

What happens during Telophase?

Answer 14

The spindle fibers disappear, a nucleus forms around each set of daughter chromosomes

Question 15

What happens during Cytokinesis?

Answer 15

the cytoplasm is separated

Question 16

Explain what DNA overload means

Answer 16

The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA, the DNA is then overloaded and it is a sign that cell division needs to take place

Question 17

Explain what happens to the surface and volume ratio as a cell enlarges.

Answer 17

The surface area to volume ratio decreases!

Question 18

In a living cell, what part of the cell represents surface area and which part of the cell represents volume?

Answer 18

Surface area: cell membrane
Volume: everything inside the cell?? (cytoplasm??)

Question 19

What are some adaptations that cells have developed that allow for a greater surface area volume ratio?

Answer 19

Cell division, slows down metabolism, changes shape

Question 20

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 20

A series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Question 21

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 21

G1, S, G2, M-phase

Question 22

Explain each stage of the cell cycle.

Answer 22

G1: Where cells do most of their growing, they increase in size + make new organelles
S: Where new DNA is synthesized as the chromosomes are replicated (S = synthesis)
G2: Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced in this phase
M: Where mitosis (nucleic division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) occur

Question 23

What is the G0 stage? Give 3 examples of cells that, once matured in the G1 phase, enter the G0 stage indefinitely.

Answer 23

G0: a phase that cells that can never ever divide will permanently be in. Neurons, red blood cells, cardiac cells, sperm cells, egg cells

Question 24

Cells spend most of their lifetime in what stage? What 3 phases of the cell cycle does this include?

Answer 24

Interphase, G1, S, G2

Question 25

Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of structure

Answer 25

Chromatin: the DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones, which are bundled further into nucleosomes
Chromosomes: condensed and supercoiled chromatin fibers

Question 26

Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of appearance

Answer 26

Chromatin: long, thin, and loosely coiled
Chromosomes: supercoiled, tightly wound, compact

Question 27

Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of organization

Answer 27

Chromatin: spread throughout the nucleus (makes it easier for replication and transportation)
Chromosomes: very organized, helpful for cell division

Question 28

Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of presence in cell

Answer 28

Chromatin: is found throughout interphase
Chromosomes: seen only during cell division

Question 29

Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of visualization on a microscope

Answer 29

Chromatin: can be seen through an electron microscope
Chromosomes: can be seen through a light microscope

Question 30

Briefly explain how six feet of DNA is packed into the nucleus of every cell of our body! Use the terms: histone, nucleosome, chromatin, loosely coiled, supercoiled

Answer 30

Before the DNA is packed into the nucleus, it is known as chromatin. Chromatin is loosely coiled and not packed at all! To become a tightly packed chromosome, the chromatin wraps around proteins called histones which then group together to form nucleosomes. The DNA is then supercoiled and tightly packed

Question 31

What is the name of the proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Answer 31

cyclins

Question 32

Define cancer

Answer 32

A disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth, an internal regulator

Question 33

What are tumors

Answer 33

Masses of cells caused by excess cell division

Question 34

What causes cancer

Answer 34

It is caused by defects in genes that regulate cell growth and division

Question 35

What is Angiogenesis?

Answer 35

when cancer cells shut the blood supply to themselves and they starve the healthy cells