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bio > Unit #1: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis review > Flashcards

Unit #1: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What are the 2 reasons why DNA is unique?

A

It contains our genetic code
It replicates itself exactly

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3
Q

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

A

nucleotide

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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6
Q

What are purines? How many rings do they have?

A

They are types of nitrogenous bases with 2 rings
Adenine, guanine

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7
Q

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

A

A type of nitrogenous base with 1 ring
Thymine, cytosine

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8
Q

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

A

1953, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins

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9
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

He found that the ratio of Adenine and thymine are almost equal, the same with guanine and cytosine

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10
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphates

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11
Q

What holds the DNA molecule together?

A

Nitrogenous bases

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12
Q

The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

A

sugar

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13
Q

Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

A

Adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

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14
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

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15
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Joins individual nucleotides to produce the “new” DNA molecule

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16
Q

If one strand of DNA if ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

A

TAA GGC

17
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? What does each type do?

A

mRNA: copies the DNA exactly and takes it to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores
tRNA: bonds to a specific amino acid and carries that amino acid to the ribosome
rRNA: converts the RNA into a protein

18
Q

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA is permanent, RNA is temporary
RNA has Uracil, DNA has Thymine
RNA is in the cytoplasm, DNA is in the nucleus
DNA has two strands, RNA has one

19
Q

What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

It is when the code of DNA is copied onto RNA, it occurs in the nucelus

20
Q

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

A

RNA polymerase copies the DNA in the nucleus until it reached the stop codon and creates mRNA

21
Q

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

22
Q

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

It goes through the nuclear pores

23
Q

If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecules from which it was made?

A

TTG CGA

24
Q

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

A

A codon

25
Q

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG, methionine

26
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

27
Q

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

It is when the newly made mRNA strand is translated into a chain of amino acids (protein), in the cytoplasm

28
Q

Find the mRNA strand, tRNA anticodon and amino acid sequence for the following DNA strand: TAC CCT CAT ACT

A

mRNA: AUG GGA GUA UGA
tRNA: UAC CCU CAU ACU
Amino acid: met, pro, his, thr

29
Q

What does the word “mutation” mean?

A

To change - a change in genetic material

30
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ____

A

Point mutations

31
Q

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _____

A

Missense mutations

32
Q

In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?

A

They allow organisms to have physical differences

33
Q

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

A

Deletion, insertion, substitution

34
Q

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

A

That every base from then on will either be one forward or backward

35
Q

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.

A

Deletion: a part or all of a chromosome is lost
Duplication: part of the chromosome is duplicated
Inversion: part of the chromosome is reversed
Translocation: part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

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