Unit 2 Test Review Flashcards
Weathering is the combination of what two cycles?
Rock cycle and water cycle
What are the two types of weathering?
-Physical
-Chemical
What are the 3 types of physical weathering?
-frost wedging
-root wedging
-abrasion
What are the two types of chemical weathering?
-Oxidation
-Dissolution
What is the other name for the water cycle:
The hydraulic cycle
Does the water cycle have a beginning or end?
No
What percent of the Earth’s water is in the ocean? What percent is freshwater?
97% is in the ocean, 3% is freshwater
What are the 2 main ways for the Earth’s water to be reintroduced into the atmosphere?
-Evaporation
-Transpiration
What is the primary way for the Earth’s water to be reintroduced into the atmosphere?
Evaporation
What is the secondary way for the Earth’s water to be reintroduced into the atmosphere?
Transpiration
What percent of the water is reintroduced to the atmosphere using Evaporation?
90%
What percent of the water is reintroduced to the atmosphere using transpiration?
10%
When does evaporation stop?
When the gas (water vapor) becomes saturated enough
Where does evaporation occur the most?
Over the ocean
Where does most transpiration occur?
Rainforests
What factors affect the rate of transpiration? (6)
-Temp
-Humidity
-Precipitation
-Wind
-Land slope
-Soil type and saturation
When does sublimination occur?
Very high altitudes, very low temps and pressure
What percent of the Earth’s water is in the atmosphere at any given time?
0.001%
How is water returned to the earth?
Precipitation
How does water return to the earth AFTER precipitation?
-Ground water
-Runoff
-How does ground water get into the earth?
Gravity
How are the volume and flow rate of runoff determined?
By the amount of solute dissolved into the water
What are the meteorological factors affecting surface runoff?
-Types of Precipitation
-Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
-Rainfall intensity
-Direction of storm movement
-Amount of Rainfall
-Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture/saturation
-Duration of Rainfall
What are the physical factors that affect surface runoff?
-Land use
-Elevation
-Vegetation
-Soil type
-Topography (especially slope of the land)
-Drainage network patterns
-Drainage areas
-Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc…in the basin, which prevent or delay runoff from continuing downstream
-Basin shape
What are the 2 types of mixtures?
Heterogeneous and homogeneous
What is the one way of separating heterogeneous mixtures?
Filtration
What are the 3 ways to separate homogeneous mixtures?
-chromatography
-crystallization
-distillation
What is the only way to separate pure substances?
Electrolysis
How to tell if a substance on a heating curve is a gas?
Gas decrease in solubility as temperature increases (it will be an indirect relationship/have a negative slope)
How can solutions be expressed?
Through qualitative and quantitative statements
How is concentration expressed in a qualitative statement?
As diluted or concentrated
What do we do when a solution needs to be described in a quantitative way?
It is referred to as morality
How is morality calculated?
Calculated through the use of the amount of solvent and solute that is presented in
the solution to determine its concentration, in a numerical form.
What are the three factors that affect solubility?
- nature of the solvent
-temperature
-not pressure if solid/liquid, yes pressure if a gas
What is the nature of a solvent?
“like dissolved like”. AKA: polar substances dissolve polar substances, non-polar substances dissolve non-polar substances
Is the solubility of solids and liquid affected by pressure?
No
Is the solubility of solids and liquids affected by temperature?
Yes
Is the solubility of gases affected by pressure?
Yes
Is the solubility of gases affected by temperature?
No
Do solids have a low or high level of energy?
Low
Do solids have volume?
Yes
What do solids do when moving?
Vibrate
Do liquids have a definite shape?
No
Do liquids have a definite volume?
Yes
How much energy do liquids have?
A medium amount
Liquids ______ while moving
Move around quickly in a container
How tightly are liquids packed together?
Loosely
How tightly are solids packet together?
Very tightly
Do gases have a definite volume?
No
Do gases take up space?
No
Are gases packed together?
No
How much energy do gases have?
A lot
Gases ____ when moving
Move freely about
When energy is ______, particles move faster
Added
When energy is _______, particles move slower
Removed
When energy is added to solids, it becomes _____
A liquid
When energy is added to gases, it become _______
Plasma
When energy is taken away from plasma, it becomes ______
A gas
When energy is taken away from gases, it becomes a _______
Liquid
When energy is taken away from liquids, it becomes _________
A solid
Energy is _______ during a phase change
Constant/static
During a phase change, energy is considered __________
Potential energy
During temperature and energy increases or decreases, this is considered _________
Kinetic energy
Energy _______ as temperature increases
Increases
Energy _______ as temperature decreases
Decreases
Heat is our form of _______
Energy
What does every element on the periodic table have?
A melting, freezing, and boiling point
Is energy added/removed during melting?
Added
What is the process of going from a solid to a gas?
Sublimination
What is the process of going from plasma to a gas?
Recombination
What is the process of going from a gas to plasma?
Ionization
What is the process of going from a gas to a solid?
Deposition
What are the 8 Properties of water
Polarity
Universal Solvent
Density
Cohesive
Capillary action
Surface tension
Adhesive
High heat capacity
What does it mean to be a universal solvent?
To have the ability to dissolve a multitude of different polar substances
