Unit 1 Test Review Flashcards
When did the Big Bang occur?
Approximately 13-15 billion years ago
When did galaxies form?
15 billion years after the Big Bang
When did stars form?
1 billion years after the Big Bang
What are the six pieces of evidence for the Big Bang?
- Universal expansion
- Background radiation
- Quasars
- Radioactive decay
- Stellar formation and evolution
- Speed of light and stellar distances
What is fusion?
Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
What is fission?
Atoms split apart to create smaller atoms, releasing energy
How are fusion and fission different?
Fusion is the combination of atoms, fission is the separation. Fusion fuels sun and stars. Fission is used in nuclear power plants.
How are fusion and fission similar?
Both produce nuclear energy
What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio
Microwave
Infared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma ray
What is the acronym used to remember the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Raging Martians invaded Venus using x-ray guns.
What end of the electronic spectrum has higher energy?
The Gamma ray end also has short wavelengths and high frequency.
What is a direct relationship?
When one variable increases, so does the other
What is an indirect relationship?
When one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice versa
What is the photoelectric affect?
Phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation.
Are photons a wave, particle, both, or neither?
Both
How do planets form?
Gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity
What are the layers of the Earth inside to out, in order?
Inner core, outer core, mesosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, crust.
What are the layers of the Earth inside to out, in order of their densities (low to high)
Crust, lithosphere, atmosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core.
What are plate tectonics?
The theory that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that move relative to each other.
What are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries?
Convergent, divergent, and transform
What is the Ring of Fire?
A ring of extremely active tectonic plates and seismic activity.
What is atomic structure?
The structure of an atom that consists of a nucleus and electrons
What are protons?
Positively charged particles inside the atom nucleus
What are neutrons?
Neutrally charged particles located inside the atom nucleus
What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles in energy cloud
What is atomic weight/mass?
Average of all known masses of all isotopes of an element
What is mass number?
The mass which is specific to an isotope
What do protons do?
Determines the atomic number
What do electrons do?
Balance out protons, determine the charge of an atom
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive
What is the charge of an electron?
Negative
What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutral
Where are protons found?
The nucleus of an atom
Where are neutrons found?
The nucleus of an atom (with the protons)
Where are electrons found?
The energy levels or an electron cloud- NEVER in the nucleus
What is an anion?
An atom with a negative charge
What is a cation?
An atom with a positive charge
What happens to the charge of an atom when it gains electrons?
It becomes negative
What happens to the charge of an atom when it loses electrons?
It becomes positive
How to calculate the average atomic mass?
Convert % to a decimal by dividing by 100, multiply the decimal by the corresponding mass number, repeat for each isotope, then add all products to find the atomic mass
How to find the amount of protons an atom has?
It is the same as the atomic number
How to find the mass number?
It is the protons + the neutrons
What is ionizing radiation?
Radiation that removes electrons, sparking nuclear decay
What are alpha particles?
The first particle discovered being ejected from an unstable nucleus. Has 2 protons, 2 neutrons (He).
What are beta particles?
An electron that is ejected. No mass #, just a -1 and e.
What are gamma rays (particles)?
Waves, NOT a particle. Shown as 0 over 0 Y.
What are half lives?
The average time for half of a nuclear sample to decay/disappear/transmute.
What is transmutation?
The changing of one element into another.
What is differentiation?
The densest materials are at the center of the Earth, and the least dense materials are at the surface.
What parts of the earth’s crust are the “mantel”?
Lithosphere, atmosphere, and mesosphere.
What can be used to calculate the isotope dates of “organic” objects?
Carbon-14
