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Honors Chemistry of Earth and Space > Unit 1 Test Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Big Bang occur?

A

Approximately 13-15 billion years ago

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2
Q

When did galaxies form?

A

15 billion years after the Big Bang

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3
Q

When did stars form?

A

1 billion years after the Big Bang

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4
Q

What are the six pieces of evidence for the Big Bang?

A
  1. Universal expansion
  2. Background radiation
  3. Quasars
  4. Radioactive decay
  5. Stellar formation and evolution
  6. Speed of light and stellar distances
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5
Q

What is fusion?

A

Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.

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6
Q

What is fission?

A

Atoms split apart to create smaller atoms, releasing energy

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7
Q

How are fusion and fission different?

A

Fusion is the combination of atoms, fission is the separation. Fusion fuels sun and stars. Fission is used in nuclear power plants.

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8
Q

How are fusion and fission similar?

A

Both produce nuclear energy

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9
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Radio
Microwave
Infared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma ray

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10
Q

What is the acronym used to remember the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Raging Martians invaded Venus using x-ray guns.

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11
Q

What end of the electronic spectrum has higher energy?

A

The Gamma ray end also has short wavelengths and high frequency.

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12
Q

What is a direct relationship?

A

When one variable increases, so does the other

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13
Q

What is an indirect relationship?

A

When one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice versa

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14
Q

What is the photoelectric affect?

A

Phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

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15
Q

Are photons a wave, particle, both, or neither?

A

Both

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16
Q

How do planets form?

A

Gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity

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17
Q

What are the layers of the Earth inside to out, in order?

A

Inner core, outer core, mesosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, crust.

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18
Q

What are the layers of the Earth inside to out, in order of their densities (low to high)

A

Crust, lithosphere, atmosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core.

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19
Q

What are plate tectonics?

A

The theory that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that move relative to each other.

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20
Q

What are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries?

A

Convergent, divergent, and transform

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21
Q

What is the Ring of Fire?

A

A ring of extremely active tectonic plates and seismic activity.

22
Q

What is atomic structure?

A

The structure of an atom that consists of a nucleus and electrons

23
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged particles inside the atom nucleus

24
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Neutrally charged particles located inside the atom nucleus

25
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles in energy cloud

26
Q

What is atomic weight/mass?

A

Average of all known masses of all isotopes of an element

27
Q

What is mass number?

A

The mass which is specific to an isotope

28
Q

What do protons do?

A

Determines the atomic number

29
Q

What do electrons do?

A

Balance out protons, determine the charge of an atom

30
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

31
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

32
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral

33
Q

Where are protons found?

A

The nucleus of an atom

34
Q

Where are neutrons found?

A

The nucleus of an atom (with the protons)

35
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

The energy levels or an electron cloud- NEVER in the nucleus

36
Q

What is an anion?

A

An atom with a negative charge

37
Q

What is a cation?

A

An atom with a positive charge

38
Q

What happens to the charge of an atom when it gains electrons?

A

It becomes negative

39
Q

What happens to the charge of an atom when it loses electrons?

A

It becomes positive

40
Q

How to calculate the average atomic mass?

A

Convert % to a decimal by dividing by 100, multiply the decimal by the corresponding mass number, repeat for each isotope, then add all products to find the atomic mass

41
Q

How to find the amount of protons an atom has?

A

It is the same as the atomic number

42
Q

How to find the mass number?

A

It is the protons + the neutrons

43
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that removes electrons, sparking nuclear decay

44
Q

What are alpha particles?

A

The first particle discovered being ejected from an unstable nucleus. Has 2 protons, 2 neutrons (He).

45
Q

What are beta particles?

A

An electron that is ejected. No mass #, just a -1 and e.

46
Q

What are gamma rays (particles)?

A

Waves, NOT a particle. Shown as 0 over 0 Y.

47
Q

What are half lives?

A

The average time for half of a nuclear sample to decay/disappear/transmute.

48
Q

What is transmutation?

A

The changing of one element into another.

49
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The densest materials are at the center of the Earth, and the least dense materials are at the surface.

50
Q

What parts of the earth’s crust are the “mantel”?

A

Lithosphere, atmosphere, and mesosphere.

51
Q

What can be used to calculate the isotope dates of “organic” objects?

A

Carbon-14

Honors Chemistry of Earth and Space (6 decks)

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