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Grade 11 Chemistry > Unit 2 Test Notes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Double Displacement Reaction?

A

A reaction in which elements in two compounds displace each other or trade places, producing two new compounds.

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2
Q

In what type of solutions do Double Displacement Reactions commonly occur?

A

Aqueous solutions.

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3
Q

What are the three types of Double Displacement Reactions?

A
  • Precipitation Reactions
  • Reactions that produce a Gas
  • Neutralization Reactions
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4
Q

Define Precipitate.

A

A solid (s) formed from a reaction that takes place in solution.

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5
Q

What is Solubility?

A

A measure of the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a known amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

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6
Q

What happens when two solutions react in a Precipitation Reaction?

A

The cations in one solution attract and bond to the anions in the other solution, forming a new compound that may be slightly soluble and thus forming a precipitate.

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7
Q

What can be done to treat water contaminated with toxic metal ions?

A

Choose a reactant that will react to form a precipitate containing the toxic ion, which can then be filtered out.

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8
Q

What indicates that no reaction has occurred in a Double Displacement Reaction?

A

If a precipitate does NOT form, then no reaction has occurred.

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9
Q

What can produce a gas in Double Displacement Reactions?

A

Reactions involving acids, as well as the decomposition of unstable products.

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10
Q

What is a Neutralization Reaction?

A

The reaction of an acid and a base where the resulting solution has a pH closer to 7 than either of the reactants.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: A Double Displacement Reaction that produces water and an ionic compound is known as a _______.

A

[Neutralization Reaction]

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12
Q

True or False: Double Displacement Reactions can only occur in solid solutions.

A

False.

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13
Q

What is the significance of the table found at the back of the periodic table?

A

It summarizes the combinations of cations and anions, indicating which are highly soluble and which are only slightly soluble.

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14
Q

What is the result of the reaction between sulfides, carbonates, or sulfites with an acid in a DD reaction?

A

They will produce a gas.

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15
Q

What is the chemical formula for water in the context of a Neutralization Reaction?

A

H2O.

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16
Q

What is a Single Displacement Reaction?

A

A reaction in which an element displaces another element in a compound producing a new element.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of Single Displacement Reactions?

A

Useful for recovering a dissolved metal from a solution.

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18
Q

What does the Activity Series of Metals indicate?

A

A list of elements arranged in order of their observed reactivity in single displacement reactions.

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19
Q

Which metals are at the top of the Activity Series?

A

Lithium and Potassium.

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20
Q

Why is Hydrogen included in the Activity Series of Metals?

A

Because it can form a positively charged ion just like a metal.

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21
Q

What are the two important generalizations of the Activity Series?

A
  • One element can displace elements below it from compounds in solution but cannot displace elements above it.
  • The farther apart two elements are, the more likely it is that the displacement reaction will occur quickly.
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22
Q

What happens if the higher (more active) metal is the element in a reaction?

A

The reaction proceeds.

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23
Q

What happens if the higher metal is in the compound in a reaction?

A

No reaction occurs.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The halogen family has their own activity series that matches their order on the _______.

A

periodic table.

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25
Q

What should you treat acids and water like when they are reacting with metals?

A

Ionic compounds.

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26
Q

True or False: If magnesium metal is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate, a reaction occurs.

A

True.

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27
Q

In the context of the Activity Series, what occurs when lead is placed in a zinc nitrate solution?

A

No reaction.

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28
Q

What is the acronym for the molecular elements that should be remembered?

A

HOFBrINCl.

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29
Q

What is the chemical equation for lithium added to sulfuric acid using the activity series?

A

Li + H2SO4 → Reaction occurs.

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30
Q

What is the chemical equation for sodium added to water using the activity series?

A

Na + H2O → Reaction occurs.

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31
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one more complex substance

Sometimes referred to as a combination reaction.

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32
Q

What is an example of a synthesis reaction involving a metal and a non-metal?

A

Metal + Non-metal → Binary compound

The direct union of two elements will produce a binary compound.

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33
Q

Write the balanced chemical equation for the synthesis reaction of magnesium and oxygen.

A

2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO

This demonstrates a synthesis reaction between magnesium and oxygen.

34
Q

What is the result of a synthesis reaction between metallic oxides and water?

A

Metallic oxide + H2O → Metal hydroxide (basic solution)

Metallic oxides are always solids and react with water to form basic solutions.

35
Q

What is produced when metallic oxides react with carbon dioxide?

A

Metallic oxides + CO2 → Metal carbonates

This is an example of a synthesis reaction involving carbon dioxide.

36
Q

What is the general form of a synthesis reaction involving a non-metal and oxygen?

A

Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metallic oxide

Non-metallic oxides are often gases and liquids and react with water to form acidic solutions.

37
Q

What happens during the decomposition of binary compounds?

A

A large or more complex compound breaks down to form two or more simpler products

These reactions usually need energy to get started.

38
Q

What do metal chlorates decompose into when heated?

A

Metal chlorides and oxygen

Example: 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2.

39
Q

What do some acids decompose into when heated?

A

A nonmetal oxide and water

Example: H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O.

40
Q

What do metal hydroxides decompose into when heated?

A

Metal oxides and water

Example: Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O.

41
Q

What do metal carbonates decompose into when heated?

A

Metal oxides and carbon dioxide

Example: MgCO3 → MgO + CO2.

42
Q

Classify the reaction: 2 AI + 3 Br → 2 AIBr3.

A

Synthesis

This reaction combines elements to form a compound.

43
Q

Classify the reaction: 2 HCl → H2 + Cl2.

A

Decomposition

This reaction breaks down a compound into simpler substances.

44
Q

Classify the reaction: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2.

A

Synthesis

This reaction combines calcium oxide with water to form calcium hydroxide.

45
Q

Classify the reaction: P4 + 5 O2 → 2 P2O5.

A

Synthesis

This reaction involves the combination of phosphorus and oxygen to form a compound.

46
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which a fuel (hydrocarbon) burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

47
Q

What are the two types of combustion?

A
  • Complete Combustion
  • Incomplete Combustion
48
Q

What must be present for a combustion reaction to occur?

A
  • Fuel
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
49
Q

Define hydrocarbon.

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon, serving as a reactant in a combustion reaction.

50
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A
  • Water vapour (H2O (g))
  • Carbon dioxide gas (CO2 (g))
  • Energy
51
Q

What occurs during incomplete combustion?

A

It occurs when there is a limited supply of oxygen.

52
Q

List the possible products of incomplete combustion.

A
  • Water vapour (H2O (g))
  • Carbon dioxide gas (CO2 (g))
  • Carbon monoxide (CO (g))
  • Soot (C (s))
  • Energy
53
Q

What is a concern of incomplete combustion?

A

It releases only a portion of the energy that could be obtained from the fuel.

54
Q

True or False: Soot particles from incomplete combustion are an inhalation hazard.

A

True

55
Q

What is carbon monoxide known as and why?

A

The ‘silent killer’ because it is a toxic gas.

56
Q

What greenhouse gas is produced by combustion reactions?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

57
Q

Define greenhouse gas.

A

Any of several gases that allow solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere but absorb radiation emitted by Earth, trapping thermal energy.

58
Q

How does combustion contribute to global warming?

A

By producing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that traps thermal energy.

59
Q

What is the role of combustion reactions in everyday life?

A

They power and heat our homes and transport us.

60
Q

What is the complete combustion of glucose used for?

A

It produces energy used by living things to carry out functions.

61
Q

Write the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of octane (C8H18).

A

2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g)

62
Q

What will the products of a complete combustion always be?

A
  • Carbon dioxide gas
  • Water vapour
63
Q

Fill in the blank: Incomplete combustion produces _______.

A

carbon monoxide (CO) and soot (C (s))

64
Q

What is the outcome of balancing combustion reactions?

A

The elements must be balanced on both reactants and products side.

65
Q

Determine the subscripts X & Y in the complete combustion reaction: CxHy + 8 O2 (g) → 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g).

A

C5H12

66
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process in which one or more substances change into one or more new substances.

67
Q

List five clues that may indicate a chemical change.

A
  • Unexpected change in colour
  • Change in odour
  • Energy is released or absorbed
  • A gas is produced
  • A precipitate is formed
68
Q

What does the Collision Reaction Theory state?

A

Chemical reactions involve collisions and rearrangements of atoms or groups of atoms.

69
Q

What factors affect the outcome of collisions in chemical reactions?

A
  • Energy
  • Orientation
70
Q

True or False: A reaction will occur if there is not enough energy or if the molecules do not collide in the right orientation.

A

True

71
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

A

During a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.

72
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that makes a reaction occur faster without itself being consumed in the reaction.

73
Q

What is a word equation?

A

A representation of a chemical reaction using only the names of chemicals involved.

74
Q

Provide an example of a word equation.

A

Liquid octane (C8H18) reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water.

75
Q

What is a balanced chemical equation?

A

A representation of a chemical reaction that indicates the chemical formulas, relative number of entities (coefficients), and states of matter of the reactants and products.

76
Q

How are coefficients used in balancing chemical equations?

A

They indicate the ratio of molecules or formula units of each substance involved in a chemical reaction.

77
Q

What should never change when balancing chemical equations?

A

The subscripts of compounds.

78
Q

List some hints for balancing chemical equations.

A
  • Balance atoms occurring in only one compound on either side
  • Balance whole groups of polyatomic ions whenever possible
  • Balance atoms and groups one at a time
  • Always recount atoms when done balancing
79
Q

Fill in the blank: Ammonia is _______.

A

NH3

80
Q

What is the first step in balancing a chemical equation?

A

Balance the atoms that occur in only one compound on either side of the reaction.

81
Q

True or False: You should change the subscripts of compounds when balancing equations.

A

False

Grade 11 Chemistry (6 decks)

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