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Unit 2 Cards Patho > Unit 2 Test--Neoplasms and Pain > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test--Neoplasms and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

-oma suffix means what?

A

benign tumor

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2
Q

-carcinoma and -sarcoma suffixes means what?

A

malignant tumor

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3
Q

Characteristic of benign tumor?

A

Similar to normal cells, differentiated and mitosis fairly normal, relatively slow, localized expanding mass and frequently encapsulated.

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4
Q

Characteristic of malignant tumor?

A

Varied in size and shape with large nuclei, many undifferentiated cells, mitosis increased and atypical, rapid growth, cells not adhesive and invades nearby tissues or metastasizes to distant sites, may secrete enzymes or hormones, angiogenesis

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5
Q

What are the warning signs of cancer?

A
  1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in body
  2. Change in bowel or bladder habits.
  3. Change in wart or mole.
  4. Sore that does not heal.
  5. Unexplained weight loss
  6. Anemia, persistent fatigue
  7. A solid lump, often painless anywhere in body.
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6
Q

Local effects of tumors?

A

Pain
Obstruction
Tissue necrosis and ulceration

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7
Q

Systemic effects of tumors

A 
Weight loss and cachexia
Anemia
severe fatigue
effusions
infections
bleeding
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8
Q

What is the most dependable confirmation of malignancy?

A

Cytological tests (biopsy)

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9
Q

Invasion is

A

local spread, grows into adjacent tissues

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10
Q

Metastasis is

A

distant spread-further from origin

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11
Q

Staging of cancer

A

TNM; used to estimate prognosis
T-size of primary (t)umor
N-involvement of regional lymph (n)odes
M-spread of tumor (m)etastasis

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12
Q

Risk factors of cancer

A 
genetic
viruses
radiation
chemicals
biological factors
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13
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate
lung
colorectal

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14
Q

Most common cancer in women

A

breast
lung
colorectal

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15
Q

Examples of malignant tumors

A

Skin
ovarian
brain

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16
Q

Causes of pain

A 
Inflammation
infection
ischemia/tissue necrosis
stretching of tissue
chemicals
burns
muscle spasm
17
Q

Somatic pain

A

From skin, bone muscle-conducted by sensory fibers

18
Q

Visceral pain

A

originates in organs, conducted by sympathetic fibers and can be acute or chronic

19
Q

Pain threshold

A

level of stimulation required to elicit a pain response, does not vary among individuals

20
Q

Pain tolerance

A

ability to cope with pain, culturally related, varies among individuals

21
Q

Afferent fibers

A

myelinated A delta, transmits impulses very rapidly–acute pain, sudden, sharp, localized.

22
Q

Unmyelinated C fibers

A

transmits slowly, chronic pain, diffuse, dull, burning, itching or aching sensation.

23
Q

Gate control theory

A

can modify pain stimuli conduction and transmission in the spinal cord and brain.

24
Q

Gates open mean?

A

Pain impulses transmitted from the periphery to brain

25
Q

Gates closed mean?

A

Reduces or modifies the passage of pain impulses

26
Q

What is the physical evidence of pain?

A

Pallor and sweating, high blood pressure, tachycardia. Classic stress response

27
Q

Infants respond to pain by

A

Tachycardia, increased blood pressure, facial expressions

28
Q

Referred Pain

A

Source may be difficult to determine, or pain my be perceived at site distant from source.

29
Q

Phantom pain

A

Common following amputation, usually does not respond to common pain therapies.

30
Q

acute pain-goes thru A tract

A

sudden and severe, short term, indicates tissue damage. Initiates physiologic stress response, increase BP and heart rate, cool, pale, moist skin, increase respiratory rate and muscle tension

31
Q

chronic pain-goes thru c tract

A

occurs over extended time, may be recurrent. more difficult to treat, often perceived to be generalized, fatigued, irritable, depressed. Sleep disturbances common.

32
Q

drug for mild pain?

A

ASA, NSAIDS, Acetaminophin

33
Q

drug for moderate pain?

A

codeine, oxycodine, Vicodin, percocet

34
Q

drug for severe pain?

A

morphine,demerol, methadone, meperidine, oxycodone

35
Q

Intractable pain

A

cannot be controlled w/medication, surgery is only choice

36
Q

Types of anesthia

A

local
spinal or regional
general
neuroleptanesthesia

37
Q

Diagnostic tests for tumors

A 
Routine screening 
Self exam
Blood tests
Radio graphic, CT, Ultrasound, MRI
Cytological

Unit 2 Cards Patho (3 decks)

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