Unit 2 Test--Neoplasms and Pain

Question 1

-oma suffix means what?

Answer 1

benign tumor

Question 2

-carcinoma and -sarcoma suffixes means what?

Answer 2

malignant tumor

Question 3

Characteristic of benign tumor?

Answer 3

Similar to normal cells, differentiated and mitosis fairly normal, relatively slow, localized expanding mass and frequently encapsulated.

Question 4

Characteristic of malignant tumor?

Answer 4

Varied in size and shape with large nuclei, many undifferentiated cells, mitosis increased and atypical, rapid growth, cells not adhesive and invades nearby tissues or metastasizes to distant sites, may secrete enzymes or hormones, angiogenesis

Question 5

What are the warning signs of cancer?

Answer 5

1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in body
2. Change in bowel or bladder habits.
3. Change in wart or mole.
4. Sore that does not heal.
5. Unexplained weight loss
6. Anemia, persistent fatigue
7. A solid lump, often painless anywhere in body.

Question 6

Local effects of tumors?

Answer 6

Pain
Obstruction
Tissue necrosis and ulceration

Question 7

Systemic effects of tumors

Answer 7

Weight loss and cachexia
Anemia
severe fatigue
effusions
infections
bleeding

Question 8

What is the most dependable confirmation of malignancy?

Answer 8

Cytological tests (biopsy)

Question 9

Invasion is

Answer 9

local spread, grows into adjacent tissues

Question 10

Metastasis is

Answer 10

distant spread-further from origin

Question 11

Staging of cancer

Answer 11

TNM; used to estimate prognosis
T-size of primary (t)umor
N-involvement of regional lymph (n)odes
M-spread of tumor (m)etastasis

Question 12

Risk factors of cancer

Answer 12

genetic
viruses
radiation
chemicals
biological factors

Question 13

Most common cancer in men

Answer 13

Prostate
lung
colorectal

Question 14

Most common cancer in women

Answer 14

breast
lung
colorectal

Question 15

Examples of malignant tumors

Answer 15

Skin
ovarian
brain

Question 16

Causes of pain

Answer 16

Inflammation
infection
ischemia/tissue necrosis
stretching of tissue
chemicals
burns
muscle spasm

Question 17

Somatic pain

Answer 17

From skin, bone muscle-conducted by sensory fibers

Question 18

Visceral pain

Answer 18

originates in organs, conducted by sympathetic fibers and can be acute or chronic

Question 19

Pain threshold

Answer 19

level of stimulation required to elicit a pain response, does not vary among individuals

Question 20

Pain tolerance

Answer 20

ability to cope with pain, culturally related, varies among individuals

Question 21

Afferent fibers

Answer 21

myelinated A delta, transmits impulses very rapidly–acute pain, sudden, sharp, localized.

Question 22

Unmyelinated C fibers

Answer 22

transmits slowly, chronic pain, diffuse, dull, burning, itching or aching sensation.

Question 23

Gate control theory

Answer 23

can modify pain stimuli conduction and transmission in the spinal cord and brain.

Question 24

Gates open mean?

Answer 24

Pain impulses transmitted from the periphery to brain

Question 25

Gates closed mean?

Answer 25

Reduces or modifies the passage of pain impulses

Question 26

What is the physical evidence of pain?

Answer 26

Pallor and sweating, high blood pressure, tachycardia. Classic stress response

Question 27

Infants respond to pain by

Answer 27

Tachycardia, increased blood pressure, facial expressions

Question 28

Referred Pain

Answer 28

Source may be difficult to determine, or pain my be perceived at site distant from source.

Question 29

Phantom pain

Answer 29

Common following amputation, usually does not respond to common pain therapies.

Question 30

acute pain-goes thru A tract

Answer 30

sudden and severe, short term, indicates tissue damage. Initiates physiologic stress response, increase BP and heart rate, cool, pale, moist skin, increase respiratory rate and muscle tension

Question 31

chronic pain-goes thru c tract

Answer 31

occurs over extended time, may be recurrent. more difficult to treat, often perceived to be generalized, fatigued, irritable, depressed. Sleep disturbances common.

Question 32

drug for mild pain?

Answer 32

ASA, NSAIDS, Acetaminophin

Question 33

drug for moderate pain?

Answer 33

codeine, oxycodine, Vicodin, percocet

Question 34

drug for severe pain?

Answer 34

morphine,demerol, methadone, meperidine, oxycodone

Question 35

Intractable pain

Answer 35

cannot be controlled w/medication, surgery is only choice

Question 36

Types of anesthia

Answer 36

local spinal or regional general neuroleptanesthesia

Question 37

Diagnostic tests for tumors

Answer 37

``` Routine screening Self exam Blood tests Radio graphic, CT, Ultrasound, MRI Cytological ```