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Social studies 20 > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

American/French Revolutions

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1
Q

What is egalitarianism?

A
  • All people are equal

- People are of equal worth and should be equal before the law

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2
Q

What is an emigre?

A

A political exile

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3
Q

What was the Reign of Terror (July 1793 - July 1794)?

A
  • Almost 40,000 people were killed including Marie Antoinette
  • Revolutionary supporters began to question the need of executions
  • In July 1794, Robespierre was put to death, and the reign of terror was over
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4
Q

What was the March on Versailles (October 1789)?

A
  • Thousands of women march to Versailles from Paris (protest high food prices, believe that the king and queen are plotting against the national assembly)
  • They demand the monarch must return with them to Paris (monarch agrees, national assembly also moves to Paris)
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5
Q

What was the Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)?

A
  1. Louis brought troops to Versailles
  2. Many believed Louis would dissolve the National Assembly
  3. A large crowd stormed the Bastille in protest (July 14, 1789)
  4. Rural citizens turned on their landlords during the summer of 1789
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6
Q

What is feudalism?

A
  • Feudalism was the dominant social system in pre-revolutionary France
  • Local lords were bound to the king by ties of loyalty
  • Population was divided into three estates
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7
Q

What was the Tennis Court Oath (May 1789)?

A
  1. Third estate promises a constitution
  2. Louis orders the first and second estates to join the National Assembly (gave National Assembly credibility)
  3. Common values/goals of National Assembly (distrust of the king, a constitution should restrict the powers of a king, abolish titles of nobility and all feudal obligations)
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8
Q

What was the declaration of the rights of man and citizen?

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France’s National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by General Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson, and Honoré Mirabeau

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9
Q

What is an absolute monarchy?

A
  • Government by individual or small group

- No consulting ordinary citizens

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10
Q

What was the first estate of France?

A

First Estate

  • Clergy (RCC) and legally privileged
  • Goal was to maintain power (status quo)
  • However, the first estate was not united and the upper clergy controls the power and wealth of the RCC
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11
Q

What was the second estate of France?

A

Second Estate

  • Nobility and legally privileged
  • Goal was to maintain feudal rights and privileges
  • However, the nobility wanted to improve their status with the monarch because they were not very important to him
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12
Q

What was the third estate of France?

A

Third Estate

  • Everybody else (26,000,000)
  • Bankers, lawyers, businessmen, laborers, peasants
  • Goal was a completely new system of government and fair taxation system
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13
Q

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1721-1778)?

A
  • Believed in direct democracy and social contract
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14
Q

What is direct democracy?

A
  • Citizens should make laws directly, not through representatives
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15
Q

What is a social contract?

A
  • Citizens must agree to the direction of the general will
  • Human nature is primitive (without law / morality)
  • Cooperation is key to the construction of society
  • Government must protect everyone
  • those who disagree with the general will must be forced to obey
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16
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

A
  • Believed government must establish order in society
  • Supporter of absolute monarchs
  • Believed citizens must give up freedoms to ensure peace and order because:
  • man is selfish, brutal, and destructive
  • man lives in fear and danger of violent death
  • man has both passion and reason
  • only strength and cunning can provide security
  • government must curb man’s selfish and aggressive nature
  • freedom is only possible if citizen’s surrender their liberty to an all-powerful sovereign
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17
Q

What was levee en masse?

A

The concept originated during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the period following 16 August 1793,[2] when able-bodied men aged 18 to 25 were conscripted. It formed an integral part of the creation of national identity, making it distinct from forms of conscription which had existed before this date

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18
Q

What was the divine right of kings?

A

A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

19
Q

Who were the bourgeoisie?

A

The social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class
- The bourgeoisie owns the most important of the means of production, through which it exploits the working class.

20
Q

What was the old regime?

A

1.

  • Sun King Louis XIV
  • France the richest nation in Europe
  • Strong military
  • Economy slowing down
  • Traditional ideas getting in the way of growth
2. 
Structure of the Old Regime
a. Feudalism
- Local lords bound to king by ties of loyalty
b. Class System
- Population divided into 3 Estates
21
Q

What does radical mean?

A
  • Extreme left wing
  • A political extremist, willing to use violence
  • Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party
22
Q

What does conservative mean?

A
  • Right of center
  • Favours traditional values
  • Government, economics, religion, and morals
  • Cautious about change or innovation
23
Q

What does reactionary mean?

A
  • Extreme right wing
  • Return to narrow values of the past
  • Will crush those in favor of change
  • Opposing political or social liberalization or reform
24
Q

What was the enlightenment?

A

-18th century
A. Concepts
1. Encourage nationalistic thinking
- Loyalty to one’s county not king, or church
- Children should become patriotic adults
- Attacked outdated government attitudes and role of the church
- Demand reforms to abolish privileged groups
- Want a constitution
- Government controlled by the will of the people

  1. Egalitarianism
    - All people are equal
    - People are of equal worth & should be equal before the law
25
Q

Who was King Louis XVI?

A
  • Believed in the divine right of kings
  • Absolute ruler of France
  • “It is the law because I wish it.”
  • Put France into massive debt
26
Q

Who was Marie Antoinette?

A
  • Last queen before French Revolution
  • Know for expensive tastes
  • Nicknamed madame deficit because of her lavish spending
27
Q

What was the directory?

A

A five-member committee which governed France

  1. Third constitution
    - Two house legislature
    - Five “directors” operate government
    - Required property to vote
  2. Corrupt government
    - Domestic corruption
    - Foreign wars fought to divert attention from economic crisis
    - Inflation out of control
28
Q

Who was Maximillian Robespierre?

A
  • Leader of the Committee of Public Safety (dictatorial powers)
  • Jacobin leader
  • Reign of Terror
  • Influenced by Rousseau and Montesquieu
  • Execution ended reign of terror
29
Q

What did the articles of confederation (1781-1788) do?

A
  • Created a congress

- Limited powers of the government

30
Q

What was the American constitution (1788)?

A
  • Inspired by Locke and Montesquieu
  • Separation of powers will prevent tyranny
  • Established three branches of government
    > Executive: President
    > Judiciary: System of national courts
    > Legislative: Congress, house of representatives, senate
31
Q

What was the bill of rights (1791)?

A
  • Added to protect citizens from government

- Gives freedom of speech, religion, and press

32
Q

What did the american constitution result in?

A
  • America was established (independent, democratic republic) (protection of citizens liberties)
  • American identity (broke away from the powerful British, created a number of key documents)
    1. Declaration of independence (1776)
    2. Constitution (1788)
    3. Bill of rights (1791)
33
Q

Who was John Locke?

A
  • Government must establish order in a society
  • Supporter of democracy (citizens must have free vote, leaders must answer to citizens, rulers need consent of majority)
  • Belief system
34
Q

What did John Locke believe in?

A
  • Man is born free with certain rights given to him by god
  • Society must protect rights and provide security
  • Laws must reflect the will of the people
  • People have the right to life, liberty, and property
35
Q

Who was Voltaire?

A
  • Freedom of speech and thought
  • Strong monarch
  • Monarch should be well educated on government (enlightened)
  • Monarch must protect human rights
36
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

A
  • Government must establish order in a society
  • Supporter of absolute monarchs (absolutism) (government by individual or small group) (no consulting ordinary citizen)
  • Citizens must give up freedoms to ensure peace and order
37
Q

Why did Hobbes believe citizens must give up freedoms to ensure peace and order?

A
  • Man is selfish, brutal, and destructive
  • man lives in fear and danger of violent death
  • man has both passion and reason
  • only strength and cunning can provide security
  • government must curb man’s selfish and aggressive nature
  • freedom is only possible if citizen’s surrender their liberty to an all-powerful sovereign
38
Q

Who were the Jacobins?

A
  • A radical group who wanted to establish France as a republic
39
Q

Who were the Girondins?

A
  • Moderates who wanted to remain a monarchy
40
Q

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A
  • A limited monarchy
  • Three branches of government
    > Executive: monarch with right to veto
    > Legislative: made the laws and may override veto (2/3 majority)
    > Judicial: New court system
  • Feudal system removed
  • Locally elected governments
41
Q

What is nationalism?

A
  • A feeling of devotion to and pride in one’s country
42
Q

What is a nation?

A
  • A group of people that share goals, attitudes, traditions, values, etc.
43
Q

What is a nation-state?

A
  • A politically independent state

Social studies 20 (7 decks)

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