Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Voltaire
Promoted the idea of religious freedom and tolerance
• The idea of the separation of church and state
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Wrote of a “social contract” or government based on the general will of the people
• Robespierre’s committee of Public Safety
Montesquieu
Describe the ideal separation of powers in government that inspired the form of the US Constitution
• the form of the US government
Emilie du Chatalet
French noble woman wrote extensively about mathematics and physics
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote that women deserve the same rights as men and that the key to gaining equality and freedom was better education
John Locke
English thinker who promoted the idea of natural rights and government responsible for its citizens
Adam Smith
Father of economics
Proposed a free market system
Cesare Beccaria
Italian reformer of the criminal justice system
John Locke wrote that…
If a ruler breaks the contract the people must rebel
John Hobbes wrote that…
Humans are selfish and need a strong ruler to whom they owe unbreakable allegiance
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that…
Wrote a “social contract.” I ruler could act under the laws that were created with the general will of the people
How was the middle class exposed to enlightenment
Through newspapers and magazines
Denis Diderot
Created the first encyclopedia
Count Pierre de Beaumarchais
Wrote a comedy “the marriage of Fígaro”
Causes of the French Revolution
- Between the rich and the poor
- Poor harvests and bread prices
- Inept leadership- Louis XVI
- Government debt
- enlightenment ideas
- desire for privileges
Meeting of the states General
Purpose was to solve the fiscal crisis
Failed because of the greed of the rich who refused to pay more taxes
Jean Paul Marat
• attacked opponents such as the Girondists in his paper, “friend of the people”
Who killed Jean Paul Marat
Charlotte Corday
Cult of reason
Adopted by the committee of Public Safety as an effort to reduce the influence of the church
Napoleon
- born in Corsica
- Led French soldiers to success in fighting Austrians in Italy
- left troops in Egypt to seize power in France
Mistakes of Napoleon
1) Continental system of 1806/British blockade
2) Napoleon invaded Spain and replaced the Spanish king with his brother
3) broke peace agreement with Russia
First island Napoleon is exiled
Elba
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon try to rebuild his army after escaping Elba
Defeated by British and Prussian forces
2nd Island Napoleon was exiled to
St. Helena
Treaty of Paris
Signed at the end of the Napoleonic wars
Restored the bourbon monarchy
Reset France’s borders
Congress of Vienna
Purpose was to place the rightful monarchs back on their thrones and to redraw the map
Klemens de Metternich
Austrian count
Played pivotal role at the Congress of Vienna
Goal was to restore the balance of power
Concert of Europe
Informal organization of the countries of Europe
Goals: •to contain France •balance of power •prevent another Napoleon •keep territorial arrangements
Holy alliance
Coalition of Russia, Prussia and Austria
Established by Alexander I
Touissaint L’Ouveture
Freed slave
Joined Spanish army but switched sides
Could find openings in enemy lines
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Rekindled the rebellion
Led to the independence of Haiti
Simon Bolivar
Venezuela
Hated Napoleon’s betrayal of revolutionary ideals
Became president of gran Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia
Dreamed of a united Latin America
Jose de San Martin
Joined rebels in defeating the colonial rulers of Argentina
Led his army over the Andes to free chile
Went into self-exile to France
Miguel Hidalgo
Parish priest who began The revolution for Mexican independence by ringing the churchbell
Santa Anna
Caudillo who was 11 times president of Mexico
The war with Anglo – Texans against the Alamo
What’s the Mexican – American war
Maximilian
Austrian Archduke who was placed on the throne as emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III in 1861
Benito Juárez
1st Amerindian president of Mexico
Initiated La Reforma
Supporter fought against Mexican conservatives and a three-year Civil War and later against the French forces supporting Maximilian. Winning both times and assuming presidency
La Reforma
Called for land redistribution, separation of church and state, and increased educational opportunities for the poor
Battle of atrafagar
Napoleon wanted to invade Britain by sea but was stopped
Made Britain a Sea Power
