Unit 2 Test😰 Flashcards
Smaller cells surface area
Typically higher surface area to volume ratio, more efficient exchange of materials
Larger cells surface area
Decrease in relative surface area to volume ratio, difficult for them to meet internal resource demands and sufficiently remove waste
Chloroplasts are specialized for…
Photosynthesis and capturing energy from sun to produce sugar
Compartments inside chloroplast- Thylakoid
Highly folded, organized in stacks (grana)
Chlorophyll pigments-> photosynthesis and electron transport, proteins found here
Compartments of chloroplast- stroma
Fluid between inner membrane and outside thylakoids
Carbon fixation (Calvin benson cycle) reactions
Mitochondria
Double membrane
Capture energy from macromolecules
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Electron transport and ATP synthesis —> inner membrane
Vacuoles
Storage, release of water, macromolecules, cellular waste products
Aid retention of water for pressure
Rigor pressure- internal cellular force usually caused by water pushing up against plasma membrane and cell wall
Lysosomes
Have hydrolysis enzymes
Intercellular digestion
Recycling of organic materials
Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
ER
Provides mechanical support
Plays a role in intracellular transport
Rough ER carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes that are bound to its membrane
the process by which a cell actively transports large molecules, like proteins or waste products, out of the cell by fusing a membrane-bound vesicle containing the material with the cell membrane, effectively releasing its contents into the extracellular environment
Exocytosis
the process where a cell actively takes in substances from its surrounding environment by engulfing them with a portion of its cell membrane, which then pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell, effectively “bringing things into the cell
Endocytosis
Same concentration of solutes and solvent
Isotonic
More solutes and less solvents
Hypertonic
Fear solutes and more solvent
Hypotonic
substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Active transport
does not require the cell to expend any energy and involves a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane
Passive transport
Single celled organisms that lack a nucleus or specialized organelles. The most abundant form of life, found in water, land, and air. Include archaea and bacteria
Prokaryotes
Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts- ancient bacteria were consumed by a larger cell and incorporated into the structure of the existing cell
Endosymbiotic theory
The presence of inner and outer Souter membrane, distinct DNA inside organelles, organelles divide through binary fission, ribosomes are like bacterial ribosomes
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
provides mechanical support, carries out protein synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes, and plays a role in intracellular transport.
Endoplasmic reticulum
provides compartments for different metabolic reactions.
Mitochondrial double membrane
contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell’s organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Lysosomes
have many roles, including storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste products. In plants, it aids in retention of water for turgor pressure.
Vacuoles
