Better Bio 1 Flashcards
Cohesion
Tendency of water molecules to cling to each other or to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
Adhesion
Tendency of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces such as the inside of capillaries and transport vessels
Surface tension
Force that holds moist membranes together due to the attraction of water molecules through hydrogen bonds
What are the bio molecules that make up living things
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids
What makes up bio molecules
Made up of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms
Chemical reactions relating to metabolism are driven by structures called…
Enzymes
Chemical bind in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges
Ionic bond
Chemical bind in which atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent bond
Water properties
High heat capacity
High heat of evaporation
A solvent
Cohesive
Adhesive
Substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+). Determined by how fully it dissipates in water
Acid or acidic solutions
Substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)
Bases or basic solutions
Ph below 7
Ph=7
Ph above 7
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
Carbon double bonds
Not as flexible restrict movement. Affect shape and function
Organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms
Isomers
Dehydration reaction
Covalent bond is formed, water a product
Hydrolysis reaction
Uses water to break a covalent bond
Class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; includes the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
Simple sugar, a carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis; also any monomer of the polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6 Has several isomers such as galactose and fructose. Critical to biological function, source of cellular fuel. Molecule that is broken down and converted into stored chemical energy (ATP) during cellular respiration
Glucose
Contains two monosaccharides that have joined together during a dehydration reaction
Disaccharide
Long polymers of monosaccharides. (aka complex carbohydrates)
Broken down to release sugar molecules for energy
Polysaccharide
Plants store a large amount of glucose in the form of…
Starch
Amylose (unbranched)
Amylopectin (branched) - no main carbon chain
Structural _________ include cellulose in plants, chitin in animals and fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls
Cellulose
Class of organic compounds that tend to be soluble in non polar solvents; includes fats and oils
Lipids
______ ______ acids lack double bonds between the carbon atoms and contain as many hydrogens as they can fold
Saturated fatty
_____ ______ acids have double bonds in the carbon chain, which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids
Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two non polar hydrophobic tails
Phospholipid
Long chain of fatty acids connected to carbon chains containing alcohol functional groups. Solid at norm temp, high melting point
Waxes
Polymer of amino acids; often consisting of one or more polypeptides and having a complex three dimensional shape. Contribute to metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion
Protein
Proteins are polymers constructed from ___ ___ monomers. On of the functional groups is NH2 (an amino group) and another is (-COOH an acidic group) third group is r group (variable group)
Amino acid
The resulting covalent bond between two amino acids is called a ___ ___. Atoms share electrons unevenly, because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen
Peptide bond
The resulting covalent bond between two amino acids is called a ___ ___. Atoms share electrons unevenly, because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen
Peptide bond
Chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Polypeptide bond
Level of protein structure determine by linear sequence of amino acids, coded for the genes of the dna
Primary structure
Hydrogen bonding between amino acids causes the polypeptide to form an alpha helix or a pleated sheet protein structure
Secondary structure
Interactions of amino acid side chains with water, covalent bonding between R groups, and other chemical interactions determine the folded three dimensional shape of the protein
Tertiary structure
This level of the protein structure occurs when two or more folded polypeptides interact to perform an biological function
Quaternary structure
Composed of nucleotides and have the ability to store information, including the instructions for life and conduct chemical reactions
Nucleotides
DNA lacks an oxygen atom found in rna
DNA- pyrimidine bases are cytosine and thymine
RNA- pyrimidine bases cytosine and uracil
Differences of RNA and DNA
