Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Properties of water
Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion
Hydrogen bonding
A weak bond formed by positive and negative regions of separate molecules
Why does ice float on water
Molecules more spread out, less dense
Covalent bond
Electron shared, forming molecules
Carbon
Used to build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Used in storage compounds and cell formation in organisms
Nitrogen
Used to build proteins and nucleic acids
Phosphorus
Used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids
Dehydration synthesis
Covalent bond is formed, water given off as a product
Hydrolysis
Uses water to break a covalent bond
Polymer
Very large molecule composed of many small, repeating structural units. Repeating structural units tis are called monomers
Polysaccharides
Starch is the primary storage polysaccharide in plants. The most common forms are amylose and amylopectin. Hydrolysis of starch results in glucose molecules
Cellulose
Most abundant organic molecule in nature. Is a long, unbranched glucose polymer
How does the structure of cellulose affect its bonding abilities
Is a long unbranched glucose polymer. The straight chain allows for hydrogen bonding to happen between the strands
Chitin
Structural polysaccharide in animals. Glycogen is similar to cellulose in structure
What is the monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the monosaccharides that most often make up carbohydrates
How does dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis work in carbohydrates
Dehydration synthesis forms a covalent bond and produces water as a product. Hydrolysis is a reaction that uses water to break a covalent bond
How does the structure of carbohydrates relate to its function
The structure of carbohydrates determines whether or not we get energy from it. Cellulose, for example, is something humans cannot digest due to its long and unbranched structure
Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled (a
In nucleic acids, biological information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotide structural components
A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) a phosphate and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) dna and rna differ in structure and function
Polypeptide
(Primary structure) the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide determines the shape of the protein. Amino acids have directionality with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus. The r group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic). Interactions of r groups determine structure and function of the region of the protein
Complex carbohydrates
Comprise sugar monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules
Lipids
Non polar macromolecules. Differences in saturation determine structure and function of lipids. Phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules, such as water, and with non polar regions that are often hydrophobic
Structure and function of polymer
Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer
Polymer directionality a
Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During dna and rna synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides
Polymer directionality b
DNA structured as
DNA structured as an antiparallel double helix. Adenine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides by three hydrogen bonds
Polymer directionality c
Proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain
Polymer directionality d
Proteins have primary structure determined by the sequence order of amino acids, secondary structure that arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha helix and beta sheets. Tertiary structures is the overall shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy. Quaternary structure arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units. Elements of protein structure determine function
Polymer directionally e
Carbohydrates comprise linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds. Carbohydrates may be linear or branched
DNA and rna components
Sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base— that form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 5’ and 3’ ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to sugar phosphate backbone
Structural differences rna and dna
DNA-deoxyribose. RNA — ribose
DNA- thymine. RNA—uracil
DNA- dig or stranded. RNA - single stranded
The two dna strands in double stranded dna are antiparallel in directionality
Which structure most likely solid at room temp
Palmitic acid because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together
Broken and replace
The hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs can be broken and reformed without allowing any nucleotide to be removed from a DNA molecule (both y and c same side at same time)
Make dna look more like rna
Changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding OH groups
Which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide
A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water molecule
Cellulose can be
A primary source for glucose
Which statement best describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below
Difference in plant growth
Phosphorus starved, unable to synthesize nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth
Is the structure dna or rna
DNA because of the nucleotides present
Structural similarities between rna and dna
Contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules
