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Environmental Biology > Unit 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has matter

ex- computer / even gas molecules

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2
Q

Element

A

Fundamental type of matter : substance with properties that cannot be broken down with other substances

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3
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element that maintains the physical properties of the element
made up of protons-neutrons-electrons

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4
Q

Proton

A

Positive charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of the atom -atomic number=6 protons-6 neutrons-6 electrons-6

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5
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles around the nucleus of the atom Atomic number =7 protons-7 neutrons=7 electrons-7

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6
Q

Neutrons

A

In the nucleus don’t have a charge usually have the same amount of protons

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Combination of two or more atoms

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8
Q

Compound combination

A

Atoms of 2 or more different elements

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9
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

substances that aren’t organic

  • Water
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Hydrochloric Acid
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10
Q

Acids

A

Anything with a pH less than 7 (more hydrogen ) H+

ex-vinegar, HCL, lemon juice , rain water , acid rain , stomach acid, extreme acid rain ,car battery acid .

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11
Q

Bases

A

Anything with a pH greater than 7 (more hydroxide) OH-

soaps, sodium hyrdroxide , ammonia , seawater , soft soap
industrial soaps have a pH of 12-14

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12
Q

Water

A

Is neutral
pH=7
Equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions .

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Helps keep water in the liquid state over a wide temperature range/ gives the water properties that make it a vital molecule of life.

  • water is cohesive
  • water resists temperature change
  • ice insulates
  • water can dissolve many chemicals (acts as a solvent)
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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and Starches
Sugars = glucose , fructose
Starches = potatoes, rice

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15
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

The energy and structural components of cells

ex- fats, oils, waxy coating on plant leaves , cholesterol , steroids , forms cell membrane of the cell

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16
Q

Proteins

A

Building block of protein are amino acids.

Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)

Keratin - hair and nails

Collagen the fibers in ligaments and tendons

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17
Q

Nucleic acid

A

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA -protein synthesis (messenger)
*in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic info.

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18
Q

Degradable

A

Can be broken down

ex- paper , litter , banana peel , cotton rags , orange peels ,

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19
Q

Biodegradable

A

Broken by living organisms/bacteria

ex - food

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20
Q

Slowly degradable

A

Takes decades or longer to dissolve
ex-plastic , DDT , wool socks , milk cartons , leather shoes , nylon fabric , plastic bags , 6-pack rings , styrofoam cups

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21
Q

Non degradable

A

Cannot be broken down

ex- lead, arsenic , mercury

22
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy from movement

-windmill turning, or us pedaling a bicycle, flow of wind , water heat or electrons-

23
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy that is potentially available

-tightly wound spring that has yet to be released-

24
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms

25
Q

High quality energy

A

Organized and concentrated small amounts of matter that can perform a great amount of useful work.

26
Q

Low quality energy

A

Highly disorganized/dispersed so it has the little ability to perform useful work
ex- heat dispersed in a large volume of matter like air or water - amount of heat stored in ocean is greater than energy stored in oil deposits in Saudi Arabia but it cannot be harnessed to perform any useful work because it’s dispersed over such a wide area.

27
Q

H molecule

A

Hydrogen

28
Q

C molecule

A

Carbon

29
Q

N molecule

A

Nitrogen

30
Q

P molecule

A

Phosphorus atomic number =15 protons-15 neutrons-15 electrons-15

31
Q

Cl molecule

A

Chlorine

32
Q

Fe molecule

A

Iron

33
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

HCl=H+ + CL-

1 hydrogen H+ and one Chloride Ion Cl-

34
Q

Sodium Hydroxide (EX)

A

one sodium Na+ , one hydroxide ion OH-
more hydroxide ions are released making the solution basic
NaOH = Na+ + OH-

35
Q

Scientific law

A

describes events/actions of nature that reoccur in the same way repeatedly.

  • consistent findings in nature that do not vary
  • Irrefutable observations
  • Usually describes discrete , natural phenomena
  • DO NOT CONFUSE WITH HYPOTHESIS OR THEORIES*
36
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

Matter is neither created nor destroyed , merely changes chemical form
-no matter escapes/leaves the atmosphere-

37
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

All forms of energy follow this law

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form.
-potential energy in coal is used to generate electricity (form of kinetic energy) is used to light households etc.

38
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

energy goes from hi quality to low quality

A

When energy converts to another form - some of the useful energy is lost and the resulting form of energy is degraded into a lower quality form
ex 1- burning gasoline moves a car 75-80% of the energy is released from the gasoline is now a low quality heat
ex 2 - energy from a lightbulb 5% energy is useful - the rest is low quality heat.
ex 3 - food energy - digestion breaks large molecules down to smaller molecules , when breaking these chemical bonds to convert potential energy into kinetic energy. smaller molecules have less potential energy = lower quality energy - heat from our bodies is lost in our surrounding environment which is an expression of the second law.

39
Q

Identify an example of an acid and base

A

Acid - Lemon Juice / Rain water

Base - Ammonia / Soap / Sea water

40
Q

Does Lemon juice have a high pH or low pH ?

A

Lemon water has a low pH

41
Q

What is the pH of water

A

7

42
Q

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

A

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice
Protein - Keratin , Collagen , Enzymes
Lipids - Fats , Oils , Steroids , Cholesterol
Nucleic Acids - RNA , DNA

43
Q

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

A

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice

Protein - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (

44
Q

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

A

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice

Protein - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (fibers in ligaments and tendons)

45
Q

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

A

CARBOHYDRATE - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice
PROTEIN - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (fibers in ligaments and tendons)
LIPID - fats / oils
NUCLEIC ACIDS- DNA and RNA

46
Q

What is the difference of kinetic energy and potential energy ?

A

Kinetic - Energy coming from movement

Potential - Stored energy waiting to be released

47
Q

Example of high quality energy and potential energy

A

High quality energy =

Low quality energy =

48
Q

Example of high quality energy and potential energy

A

High quality energy = electricity , coal, gasoline, concentrated sunlight, uranium

Low quality energy = heat dispersed in a large volume of matter like air or water

49
Q

Law of conservation of matter

example

A

matter is constantly changing form and is not destroyed nor created, and goes through a cycle.
Example: Gold . When found it’s changed from its raw form into another item- example a ring. That ring will possibly be melted into another item. The gold is never destroyed in the process but the form does change.

50
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

example

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

A hydraulic turbine

51
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

example

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
A hydraulic turbine with the oceans natural current is being powered, once the current passes it continues, it doesn’t stop thus not ending the process.

52
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

example

A

Energy begins high quality but turns into a lower quality - Solar power , the suns direct power hits the panels , but its no longer the raw energy of the sun , but instead some of the raw energy beams are then harvested and therefore that’s how we power many other things and the power/energy quality slowly lowers and becomes degraded over time and by how often that energy has to travel from its original form.

Environmental Biology (8 decks)

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