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Psychology 1400 > Unit 2 study guide > Flashcards

Unit 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Antecedent

A

Observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs

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2
Q

Consequence

A

Observable stimulus change that happens after behavior occurs.

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3
Q

response consequence contingency

A

Describes the causal (IF-THEN) relation between an operant behavior and its consequence

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4
Q

Contingent reinforcement

A

a type of reinforcement that is based on a specific behavior.

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5
Q

Non contingent reinforcement

A

occurs after a response, but not because the response caused it to occur

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6
Q

If reinforcement is given contingently, response rates go…?

A

up

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7
Q

If reinforcement is changed and now it is delivered non-coningently, response rates will go…?

A

down

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8
Q

What is superstitious behavior?

A

occurs when the individual behaves as though a response- consequence contingency exists when, in fact, the relation between response and consequence is noncontingent.

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

the process or procedure whereby a reinforcer increases operant behavior above its baseline level.

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10
Q

Reinforcer

A

a consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level

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11
Q

Reward

A

beneficial consequences that we think will function as reinforcers, but we don’t know yet if they will

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12
Q

Who discovered reinforcement

A

Edward L. Thorndike - the first scientist to demonstrate that reinforcers increase the probability of behavior

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13
Q

Definition of operant behavior

A

A generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence.

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14
Q

example of reinforcement

A

stimulus change happens after behavior, increases the behavior above baseline level, and decreases when stimulus is turned “OFF”

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15
Q

non-example of reinforcement

A

if the stimulus change happens before the behavior of interest

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16
Q

What role does exploration play in operant behavior?

A

an essential ingredient in operant learning is response variability in order to obtain a reinforcer to increase behavior

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17
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

Presentation of a consequence that increases behavior (SR+)

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18
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

Increasing behavior through removal of or prevention of an averse stimulus

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19
Q

Escape variety (negative reinforcer)

A

Consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus (SRe-)

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20
Q

Avoidance variety (negative reinforcer)

A

Consequent prevention of a stimulus change (SRa-)

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21
Q

Why is it important to distinguish between positive and negative reinforcers?

A

although you get behavior change from both positive and negative reinforcers, it is the positive reinforcers that have longer lasting behavior change effects.

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22
Q

Loss aversion

A

Neg reinforcement is more effective than positive reinforcement
-we are more motivated by avoiding losses than we are by improving our situation through positive reinforcement

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23
Q

People prefer _____ reinforcement

A

positive

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24
Q

Three objects to using reinforcement

A
  1. Intrinsic Motivation
  2. Performance inhibiting properties of reinforcement
  3. Cheating
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25
Do extrinsic forces really decreases intrinsic motivation
No, Extrinsic reinforcers DO NOT decrease intrinsic motivation to engage in a behavior
26
Does reinforcement inhibit creativity and cause people to choke under pressure?
Yes, you must be creative and it causes people to choke under pressure --ex. huge reward on the line causes choke under pressure vs medium reward for the same task
27
Does reinforcement increase the probability of cheating?
Yes, If cheating can produce the positive reinforcer easier than engaging in the desired behavior, then some people will cheat -Cheating should be anticipated and people should be warned that it is being watched for
28
Two theories of reinforcement
- Response strengthening theory - Information theory
29
Response strengthening theory
-Each obtained reinforcer(frequency) increases the strength of the operant behavior. -Reinforcement strengthens the association between a behavior and its consequences. -Specifically frequent or strong reinforcement^^
30
Information theory
-Reinforcement provides information about the likelihood of a behavior being followed by a consequence. -Reinforcers do not strengthen behavior, they provide information about where and when reinforcers may be obtained.
31
Operant extinction
- Process of removing/turning OFF the reinforcer - Results: behavior falls to baseline levels, it is a way to decrease behaviors
32
How does operant extinction apply to positive and negative reinforcement?
It applies to both types of reinforcement by removing the reinforcing stimulus.
33
Definition of escape extinction
Extinction following a negative reinforcement
34
What is partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) and what does it allow us to predict?
-the direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction
35
What effect does motivation have on operant extinction?
people will do those things for which they are rewarded and will avoid doing things for which they are punished.
36
What is spontaneous recovery of operant behavior?
The reappearance of an extinguished behavior after a period of time.
37
What are the primary and secondary (other) effects of operant conditioning?
-1. Extinction-induced emotional behavior: extinction burst, temporary emotion-filled increase in previously reinforced operant response -2. Extinction-induced variability: change in the topography of the operant response -3. Extinction-induced resurgence- when one behavior is extinguished, other behaviors that were previously reinforced are emitted again
38
What is a functional analysis and why is it used?
scientific method used to (1) determine if a problem behavior is an operant and (2) identify the reinforcer that maintains that operant
39
Definition of primary reinforcer
a consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in sustaining the life of the individual or the continuation of the species (e.g., food, water, escape, etc.)
40
Definition of conditioned reinforcer
consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs
41
two ways an individual can learn the relation between the conditioned reinforcer and backup reinforcer
1. Pavlovian learning; learning via association, if action then consequence 2. through verbal learning; information provided indicating that the reinforcer signals a delay reduction to another reinforcer
42
What is a token economy and how does it operate?
a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers (tokens, points, etc.) that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers
43
Use the delay reduction ratio to evaluate the efficacy of a conditioned reinforcer
US --> US interval/ CS --> US interval if bigger, then more effective
44
What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer
a conditioned reinforcer that signals a delay reduction to multiple backup reinforcers
45
What is marking and how is it used in clicker training?
Conditioned reinforcer immediately follows the response, this helps individual leaern which response produced the backup reinforcer -in clicker training, the click sound is salient, unique, new, and hard to miss
46
Definition of shaping?
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior(final goal behavior) -ex. series of behavior getting closer and closer to goal behavior
47
What are the principles of effective shaping?
1: define terminal behavior 2: Determine what they can currently do and how that falls short of terminal behavior 3: set response approximation so its neither too easy or too difficult 4: Reinforcing one response and extinguishing other previously reinforced responses is differential reinforcement 5: ensure learner masters current response approx. before moving on to the next one 6: if individual struggles at the next level, try to lower criterion for reinforcement
48
What is a percentile schedule of reinforcement?
shaping, simple automated training technique, this helps keep you in the optimal goal zone (70th percentile), uses last 10 days of data
49
What is flow?
state in which one feels immersed in a rewarding activity and in which we lose track of time and self
50
First principle of conditioned reinforcment
use an effective backup reinforcer e.g., token for ice cream vs token for concert admission
51
Second principle of conditioned reinforcer
use a salient conditioned reinforcer e.g., something that stands out or is unique; clickers in dog training, having a child put the token in their own piggy bank instead of the parent doing it for them
52
Third principle of conditioned reinforcement
use a conditioned reinforcer that signal a large delay reduction to the backup reinforcer the bigger the delay reduction to the BR, the more effective the CR will be
53
Fourth principle of conditioned reinforcement
make sure the conditioned reinforcer is not redundant want the conditioned reinforcer to be the only stimulus signaling a delay reduction to the backup reinforcer
54
differential reinforcement
a procedure in which a previously reinforced behavior is placed on extinction while a second behavior is reinforced; e.g., not giving treats when dog whines for them but only when they actually do something good
55
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
the "something else" that is being reinforced is incompatible with the problem behavior and can't be done at the same time; e.g., chimp can't hold a ring and throw feces at the same time
56
differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
the reinforced response can be any adaptive behavior (doesn't have to be incompatible); e.g., a teacher only calls on students who raise their hand appropriately and ignores the ones who yell the answer
57
functional communication training
problematic demands for attention (e.g., tantruming) are extinguished while appropriate requests (e.g., "will you play with me please") are established and reinforced
58
differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
reinforcement is provided contingent upon abstaining from the problem behavior for a specified interval of time, can be gradually modified to require longer intervals
59
differential reinforcement of variability
responses or patterns of responses that haven't ever been emitted or that haven't been emitted in a long time are reinforced and repetition or recent response topographies are extinguished
60
differential reinforcement of high-rate behavior (DRH)
low-rate responding is put on extinction and high-rate responding is reinforced; e.g., 5-second rule game, learn to respond faster and not slower
61
differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL)
high-rate responding is put on extinction and low-rate responding is reinforced; e.g., thanking someone when they slow down what they said so you could understand them
62
antecedent stimulus
an observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs.
63
discriminated operant behavior
operant behavior that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli.
64
Discriminative stimulus Sd
an antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the Sd is present, that response will be reinforced.
65
S∆ (definition)
an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S∆ is present, that response will not be reinforced (extinction).
66
Sdp (defintion)
an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the Sdp is present, that response will be punished.
67
Sdp (example)
You are about to speed, but then see a cop car. The cop car is the Sdp.
68
discrimination training
a procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an Sd and extinguished in the presence of an S∆.
69
generalization
when a novel stimulus resembling the Sd evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus.
70
generalization gradient
a graph depicting increases in responding as the novel antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the Sd.
71

Psychology 1400 (8 decks)

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