Unit 2: Skeletal2 Flashcards
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
These components provide support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation.
What are the two main parts of the skeleton?
- Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage (protection and support)
- Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and girdles (movement)
Axial skeleton primarily provides protection and support, while appendicular skeleton is mainly for movement.
List the functions of the skeletal system.
- Support (structure/framework)
- Protection (shields vital organs)
- Movement (works with muscles for motion)
- Mineral Storage (stores calcium/phosphorus)
- Blood Cell Formation (bone marrow produces blood cells)
- Fat Storage
- Hormone Production
These functions are essential for maintaining the body’s structure and overall health.
What is ossification?
The process of bone formation
It occurs through two main methods: intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
- Intramembranous ossification: Direct bone development from connective tissue (e.g., skull bones)
- Endochondral ossification: Bone replaces cartilage (most bones develop this way)
These processes are crucial for the formation of different types of bones.
Where does bone growth occur?
At the epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones.
Cartilage cells divide, calcify, and are replaced by bone tissue. Growth ceases whrn the epiphyseal plates close in adulthood.
What are the two main types of bone tissue?
- Compact Bone
- Spongy Bone
Compact bone is dense and strong, while spongy bone is less dense and contains red bone marrow.
Explain bone remodling.
Old bone tissue is continuously broken down and replaced.
It is controlled by hormones (e.g., growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone).
What types of bone cells are there?
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
- Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells
Each type plays a distinct role in bone maintenance and remodeling.
What is the role of osteocytes?
Maintain bone matrix and communicate with other cells
They are mature bone cells found in lacunae.
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts
This hormone is crucial for calcium homeostasis.
What are the classifications of joints?
- Fibrous Joints: Immovable
- Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable
Synovial joints are further categorized into types such as hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, gliding, and saddle.
What are the stages of bone repair?
- Hematoma Formation
- Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
- Bony Callus Formation
- Bone Remodeling
Each stage is essential for proper healing after a fracture.
What is the function of canaliculi in compact bone?
Tiny channels connecting osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange
They facilitate communication and nutrient distribution within bone tissue.
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Aging
- Low calcium
- Lack of exercise
- Hormonal imbalances
These factors contribute to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.
What is the purpose of storing minerals in bones?
- Calcium ions: Muscle contraction, nerve signaling, blood clotting
- Phosphate ions: ATP production, DNA, RNA synthesis
- Bicarbonate ions: Maintain pH balance
Bones serve as a reservoir for essential minerals.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the central cavity of a long bone that stores yellow marrow.
Medullary Cavity
It plays a role in fat storage within the bone.
True or False: Osteoblasts are responsible for breaking down bone tissue.
False
Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone tissue, while osteoblasts build new bone.
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Produces blood cells
Found in spongy bone of ribs, pelvis, and vertebrae.
What is the primary function of collagen in bones?
Provides flexibility and tensile strength
This helps prevent bones from becoming brittle.
